Bio Subject Test 1 And 2 "embryology"

Front 1

Fertilization

Back 1

occurs when the sperm and egg come together in the oviduct(fallopian tube) to produce zygote

Front 2

how hours following ovulation can egg be fertilized?

Back 2

12-24hrs

Front 3

cleavage

Back 3

fertilized egg to 16 cell stage

increase in cell # w/o growth
(total volume is constant)

result in progressively smaller cells with an increasing ration of nuclear to cytoplasm

also increase surface to volume ratio thus improving gas, nutrient exchange

has vegitable pole and animal pole
-vegitable pole
--many york and cleavage speed is low

-animal pole
--less york, fast cleavage speed and cleavage
--many cleavage means small in size

Front 4

fertilization steps

Back 4

fertilization in oviduct
-->(32hrs) zygote (in oviduct)
-->(72hrs cleavage) Morula, solid ball of cells (in oviduct)
--> (blastulation) blastula
implantation and developmen occurs in uterus
--> (gastulation) gastula, 3 cell layers:triliaminar
-->(neurulation) neurula

zygote to neurula density of cell inc

Front 5

Ectoderm

Back 5

nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

epidermis

lens of eye

inner ears

Front 6

endoderm

Back 6

epithelial lining of digestive track

respiratory track

lungs

liver

pancreas

Front 7

mesoderm

Back 7

muscles, skeleton, circulatory system
gonads
kidneys
blood
heart

Front 8

what occurs in ovary

Back 8

ovulation occurs

Front 9

what occurs in uterus

Back 9

implantation and development of blastula

Front 10

what occurs in oviduct (fallopian tube)

Back 10

fertilization and zygote stay in oviduct until it becomes blastula

Front 11

in humans and higher organism
blastopore becomes what?

Back 11

anus

Front 12

in lower organism blastopore becomes?

Back 12

mouth

Front 13

ferternal twins

Back 13

when more than one egg is fertilized

Front 14

identical twin

Back 14

result of indetermiate clevage

Front 15

placenta is responsible for?

Back 15

food
oxygen
water
waste

Hint 15

FOWW

Front 16

in fetus, which contains lowest partial pressure of oxygenated blood

Back 16

Aorta

in adult Aorta has high O2 and low CO2

Front 17

chloron

Back 17

line inside the shell which surround amnion where placenta formation begin

gas exchange

Front 18

amnion

Back 18

enclose the amniotic fluid

protect embryo from shock

Front 19

yolk sac

Back 19

enclose yolk, blood vessel in yolk

transfer food to embryo

Front 20

allantois

Back 20

involve in respiration and excretion
contain blood vessel to transport O2,CO2, H2O and Nitro waste

Front 21

placenta

Back 21

receive oxygen and nutrients directly from its mother also remove CO2 and metabolic waste

Front 22

umbilical cord

Back 22

connected to placenta

Front 23

Fetal Circulation

Back 23

Blood is oxygenated in placenta.
deoxygenated blood in aorta

blood is shunt away from developing lung by foramen ovale, ductus venosus and ductus arterioles

Front 24

Foramen ovale

Back 24

connects the right arium to the left atrium in the fetal heart

purpose is to shunt blood away from the developing lungs

Front 25

ductus arteriosus

Back 25

connects pulmonary artery to the aorta

purpose is to shunt blood away from developing lungs

Front 26

ductus venosus

Back 26

connects fetal portal circulation to the placenta

shunt blood away from developing lungs

Front 27

fetal resppiration

Back 27

is facilitated by the placenta and is made possible bythe fact the
fetal hemoglobin have higher affinity for O2 then maternal hemoglobin

Front 28

Birth 1/3 stage

Back 28

cervix thin out and dilates
amniotic sac ruptures
releasing amniotic fluid
mild contraction

Front 29

Birth 2/3 stage

Back 29

rapid contraction
birth of the bady
cutting umblical cord

Front 30

Birth 3/3 stage

Back 30

uterus contracts
explling placenta and umlibical cord

Front 31

which of the developmental stage has the greatest nuclear to cytoplasmic material ratio?

Back 31

blastula

Front 32

when does the embryo first dfferentiate into germ layer

Back 32

gasturla

Front 33

what is determinate cleavage?

Back 33

determinate cleavage results in cells whose differentiation pathway are cearly defined, these cell are incapable of individually developing into complete organism

Front 34

ectopic pregnancy

Back 34

the embryo implants outside the uterus (ex. in fallopian tube)

in a normal pregnancy the blastula implants in the uterus