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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 receptors? |
G-protein linked Tyrosine-kinase Ligand-gated |
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What are 2 advantages of a multiple pathway |
Can greatly amplify a signal
Provides more opportunities for coordination &a regulation of the cellular response |
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Explain why different types of cells may respond differently to the same single molecule |
Each type of cells has its own complement of proteins |
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Describe apoptosis in normal development & degenerative disease in vertebrates |
Normal-programmed self destruction
Animal-essential for the development & maintenance |
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List & describe the phases of the cell cycle |
Interphase-growth & development of the cell Prophase-chromatids paid up & nuclear membrane dissolves Metaphase-paired chromatids line up in center of cell Anaphase- chromosomes separate pyspindle fibers pulling them apart Telophase-nuclear membrane forms & gets ready for division |
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List & describe the phases of mitosis |
Prophase-nuclear envelope dissolves, DNA condenses into chromatin Metaphase-spindle fibers stretch across cell, chromosomes align along fibers Anaphase-spindle fibers shorten, sister chromatids separate Telophase-chromatids reach the poles of cells |
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Compare cytokinesis in animals and plants |
Animals-cleavage Plant-plate formation
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Explain how the abnormal cell division of cancerous cells escapes normal cell cycle controls |
There is no density dependent inhibition Stop at random points in the cell cycle Immortal Ignore normal signals for apoptosis |
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Distinguish between benign, malignant & metastatic tumors |
Benign-do not spread to other parts of body Malignant- cancerous & made up of cells that grow out of control Metastatic- export cancer cells to other parts of body |
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Define & describe Cyclic AMP & Adenylyl cyclase |
Cyclic AMP is one of the most widely used second messengers Adenylyl cyclase is an enzyme in the plasma membrane, converts ATP to cAMP in response to an extracellular signal |
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Distinguish between prokaryotic & eukaryotic |
Pro-has no nucleas, DNA is found in nucleiod, cytoplasm bound by ribosome Euk-DNA in nucleas, membrane-bound, cytoplasm in region between plasma membrane & nucleas |
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Distinguish between a free & bound ribosome. |
free-in the cytosol bound-outside endoplasmic reticulum |
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Distinguish between smooth & rough ER |
smooth-lacks ribosomes rough-surface is studded with ribosomes |
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Describe the structure & function of the components of the endomembrane system |
Nuclear envelope-double membrane pierced by pores the regulate the movement of materials between the nucleas & cytoplasm endoplasmic reticulum- acts as a manufactoring & packing system Golgi appatatus-flattened tubes called cisterance sacs Lysosome-membrane enclosed sacs Plasma membrane- provides surface area for exchange of oxygen,nutrients & waste |
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Explain the role of the mitochondria & chloroplasts |
Mitochondria-site of cellular respiration Chloroplasts-site of photosynthesis |
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Describe the roll of the cytoskeleton. |
A frame for the cell's shape. |
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Define microtubules, microfilaments & intermediate filaments. |
Tubules-thickest Filaments-thinnest Intermediate-middle |
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Describe the structure of a cell wall. |
extracellular wall |
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Describe the roll of the extra cellular matrix in animal cells |
Provides support, segregates tissues, regulates cell behavior |
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Define diffusion. |
the tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into available space |
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Explain how membrane fluidity is influenced by temp. |
Membranes must be a fluid to work properly Sat. fats make it stiff bc they are solids at room temp. Unsat. fats help it bend & work better bc its a liquid at room temp. |
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Distinguish between hypertonic, hypotonic & isotonic. |
Hyper-concentration greater outside cell,loves h2o Hypo-concentration greater inside cell,gains h2o Iso-concentration is same as inside cell |
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Explain how transport facilitate diffusion |
Uses proteins to move polar or charged substances across the hydrophobic regions of the membrane. |
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Explain how large molecules are transported across a cell membrane. |
Through exocytosis-secrets large molecules by the fushion of the vesicles with the plasma membrane |
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Distinguish between catabolic & anabolic pathways. |
Cat-release energy An-consume energy |
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Distinguish bewteen kinetic & potential energy. |
K-always in motion P-possessive matter |
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Distinguish between an open & closed system. |
O-energy and matter can be transfered C-first have to reach equillibrium to work |
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Distinguish between an exergonic & endergonic reaction. |
Ex-exit of energy En-absorption of energy |
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Explain the Second Law of Thermodynamics. |
During every energy transformation, some energy is unusable and is lost as heat. |
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Explain in general terms how redox reactions are involved in energy exchanges
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They are chemical reactions where electrons are transferred between reactants which releases energy in the organic molecules. Oxidation, a substance loses electrons. Reduction, a substance gains electrons
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Name the three major stages of cellular respiration. |
Glycolysis The citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation |
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Explain the role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration |
The chain's function is to break the large free-energy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts. |
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Explain where and how the respiratory electron transport chain creates a proton gradient. |
Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. |
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Distinguish between fermentation and anaerobic respiration |
Anaerobic respiration uses an electron transport chain with an electron acceptor other than O2 Fermentation uses phosphorylation instead of an electron transport chain to generate ATP. |
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Distinguish between obligate and facultative anaerobes. |
Obligate anaerobes carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2. In a facultative anaerobe, pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic road that leads to two alternative catabolic routes. |
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What are the basic features of all cells?
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1. Plasma membrane2. Chromosome/DNA3. Ribosomes4. Cytoskeleton5.Cytoplasm
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What is the function of the rough ER? |
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that produces proteins and helps them fold properly.
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What is the difference between hypertonic and hypotonic solutions? |
Hyper-concentration is greater outside cell:loses water Hypo-concentration is greater inside the cell;gains water |
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Describe an endergonic and exergonic reaction. |
ender-absorbs energy exer-releases energy |
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How does ATP Performs Work?
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ATP drives endergonic reactions by phosphorylation, transferring a phosphate group to some other molecule, such as a reactant. --recipient molecule is now phosphorylated
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What is the purpose for cellular respiration? |
for it to break down carbohydrates and sugars in order to use the energy stored in them
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What is oxidation? |
The gain of oxygen. |
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What is reduction? |
The loss of oxygen. |
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Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, these two electron carriers and account for most of the energy extracted from food.
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NADH andFADH2
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What is the purpose of photosynthesis?
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The purpose of photosynthesis is to convert water and carbon dioxide to glucose.
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Sugar made in the chloroplasts supplies chemical energy and carbon skeletons to synthesize the organic molecules of cells. Plants store excess sugar as starch in structures such as
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roots, tubers, seeds & fruits |
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The light reactions and calvin cycle occur in the chloroplast but which process occurs only in the stroma?
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The release of oxygen |
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Explain how Photosynthesis is a redox process
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In photosynthesis the oxidation of CO2 to glucose happens. Basically it’s a cycle, in which cellular respiration oxidizes glucose to CO2 and oxygen to water, and photosynthesis oxidizes CO2 to glucose and water to oxygen.
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10 What are the three steps in signal transduction pathways?
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Reception: A cell detects a signaling molecule from the outside of the cell.
Transduction: When the signaling molecule binds the receptor it changes the receptor protein. Response: Finally, the signal triggers a specific cellular response. |
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In transduction what is the purpose of Protein Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation?
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Phosphorylation may open up an enzyme's active site, allowing it to perform chemical reactions, or provent the protien from fitting w/ another molecule.
Dephosphorylation is the removal of a phosphate group from these molecules |
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A signal molecule binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape, a shape change in a receptor is often the _______ of the signal.
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initial transduction |
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Small or hydrophobic chemical messengers can readily cross the membrane and activate receptors, give two examples of hydrophobic messengers.
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Cyclic AMP and calcium ions
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Describe the role of apoptosis in normal development
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Controlled cell self-destruction
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These types of cells have two copies of chromosomes-
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Somatic cells |
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This phase is 90% of the cell cycle.
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Interphase |
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In which phase are the chromosomes all lined up at the metaphase plate?
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Metaphase |
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Multicellular eukaryotes depend on cell division for;
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Development from a fertilized cell
Growth Repair |
