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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Astrocyte
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Star shaped, wrap around the presynaptic terminals of a group of functionally related axons. Take up and release chemicals to keep the axons synchronized. Give neurons glucose and oxygen
Wrap around a group axon terminals which do the same thing. Take up and release chemicals so that group can synchronize. |
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Microglia
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A very small cell that removes waste material, viruses, fungi and other microorganisms.
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Oligodendrocytes
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Create myelin sheaths in the brain and spinal cord. Branch out and cover more than one axon.
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Schwann cells
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Create myelin sheaths in the periphery, covers only one axon.
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Radial Glia
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Guide migration of neurons and their axons during prenatal development
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Electrical Gradient
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Potassium (K+) wants in because it's negative inside.
Sodium also wants in because it's negative inside. |
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Concentration Gradient
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Potassium wants out because there is lots of potassium inside.
Sodium wants in because there is little sodium inside. |
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Na+ K+ pumps
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Pump out 3 sodium, pump in 2 potassium.
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nodes of ranvier
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spots on the axon between the myelin sheaths.
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Salatory Conduction
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Ions only enter and exit at nodes of ranvier, makes it go faster.
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Multiple Sclerosis
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Happens because immune system attacks myeling sheaths.
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ionotropic effects
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Fast going, but slow quickly
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Metabotropic effect
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Starts slow, lasts longer. Has 2nd messenger. 2nd messenger has a G protein.
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Solipsism
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It's all about me. I think therefore I am, but I don't know about you.
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monism= the identity Position
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Mental and neural activity are the same thing.
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Easy Problem
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To define consciousness as being awake or asleep.
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Hard problem
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To define consciousness as self-awareness. Book- Why and how any kind of brain activity is associated with consciousness.
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Tinberger
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four distinct answers
functional ontogenetic evolutionary physiological |
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The ventricles are filled with blood
T/F |
False
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The limbic system is located in the:
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Forebrain
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If a person's heart rate is slowing and digestion is being stimulated in the stomach and intestines, what part of the nervous system is active?
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The parasympathetic nervous system
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What structure controls basic life functions such as heart rate and breathing
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The medulla
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Most neurons have a "spontaneous firing rate" in which they periodically produce action potentials even when they are not receiving messages (i.e. neurotransmitters) from other neurons.
T/F |
True.
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Delayed response Task is:
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Stimulus appears briefly, and the individual must respond to the remembered stimulus after brief delay. Assesses functioning (working memory) in the prefrontal cortex.
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The binding problem is:
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How do different parts of the brain produce a perception of a single object. I.E. how do you know what you are seeing is also what you are hearing?
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How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
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12
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Cranial nerves:
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Control sensations from the head, muscle movements in the head and much of the parasympathetic output to the organs:
some examples olfactory, optic, vagus. |
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How many Laminae are there in the cerebral cortex?
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6
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Laminae:
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Layers of cell bodies that are parallel to the surface of the cortex and separated from each other by layers of fibers.
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Ventricles
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Tiny, nearly spherical packets near the axon terminals filled with neurotransmitters.
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Limbic System
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Structures in the forebrain important for emotion.
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Parasympathetic nervous system
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opposite of flight or fight response, slows heart rate, increases digestive activity.
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medulla
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in hindbrain. Just above spinal cord. Vital reflexes like heart rate, breathing, coughing, vomiting.
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hypothalamus
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Near the base of the brain. Bosses the pituitary around telling it what hormones to release.
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Hippocampus
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Large structure between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex. Helps in storing new memories.
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Basal ganglia
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Subcortical structures lteral to the thalamus. Planning sequences of behavior. Parkinsons and Huntingtons if they deteriorate- impaired movement.
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Thalamus
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Relays sensory information to the cortex.
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Periaqueductal Gray (PAG)
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Regulates pain. Endorphins.
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frontal lobe
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Personality. Impulse control. Long term planning.
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Temporal lobe
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Speech and language based memory.
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Parietal lobe
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Body in space, somatosensation.
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Occipital lobe
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Visual
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Name the parts of the Hindbrain
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Medulla
Pons Cerebellum |
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What wakes up the brain?
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Reticular Formation
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Reticular Formation
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Contained in the pons and cerebellum. Wakes up the brain through use of neurotransmitters.
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Cerebellum
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fine motor control
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Where is the periaqueductal gray (PAG), and what does it do?
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In the midbrain. It reduces pain by producing endorphins.
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_________ reduces pain by producing endorphins.
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Periaqueductal gray
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Parts of the forebrain
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basal ganglia
hypocampus thalamus hypothalamus pituitary cortex |
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Where is the limbic system?
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Forebrain
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What makes up the limbic system?
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Hippocampus
amygdala |
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What does the limbic system do?
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Important for emotion
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Hippocampus
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Part of the limbic system.
Important for creating new memories. |
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Amygdala
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Part of the limbic system
Important for fear. |
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pituitary
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Endocrine. Sends hormones. Gets orders from hypothalamus
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Cortex
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Most prominent part of the mammalian brain.
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