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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are plasmids?
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contain genes, physically independent of chromosome; in nuceloid of bacteria
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ribosomes
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make proteins; attach to membrane of rough ER; manufactured in mitochondria, rough ER, and cytoplasm; processed in golgi; made of two subunits (RNA/proteins); assembled in nucleolus-->transports to cytosol; mRNA attaches (forms polypeptides)
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Prokaryotic Cells
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cell wall (prevents burst) & plasma membrane; found everywhere (moist/H20 enviro); no membrane-bound organelles; contain plasmids
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Archaea vs Bacteria
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ARCHAEA
-cell wall is non-peptides -membrane: isoprene fatty acid tails & branched chains, ether linkage |
BACTERIA
-cell wall has peptidoglycan -ester linkages in membrane |
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What is the main component of prokaryotes?
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peptidoglycan
(targeted by antibiotics) -gram + cell wall: huge layer of peptidoglycan, thicker=longer to stain (not as dark) -gram -: two membranes |
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Why can eukaryotic cells be so big?
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compartmentalization
-don't need to rely on slow diffusion -larger V=more rxns=more efficient |
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Eukaryotic Cells
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-membrane bound organelles
-nucleus has double membrane -pores made of complex proteins & control large amt of traffic inside |
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ROUGH ER (system extends from nuclear envelope)
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-has ribosomes
-produces proteins (lumen) & sends out to cell -structural proteins, hormones, digestive enzymes |
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SMOOTH ER
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-lipid production and synthesis
-abundant in muscle cells (Ca storage) -detoxification -polysaccharide synthesis in some plant cells -proteins made inside lumen (interior) -contains catalyctic enzymes for lipid rxns |
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GOLGI APPARATUS
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-receives proteins from rough ER
-tags attach to show where to go -post office: packages, process, sends -cis and trans surfaces |
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Cis surface
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-closest to rough ER and nucleus
-receives |
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Trans Surface
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-Closest to membrane
-ships products |
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Peroxisomes
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-center for oxidation rxns
-H2O2 as product (highly reactive) |
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Glyoxysomes
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-plant leaves
-packed w/ enzymes that oxidize fats -store E for cell |
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Lysosomes
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-animal cells
-digestive & recycling centers -hydrolytic enzymes (split H2O) -pH of 5 -phagocytosis, exocytosis, endocytosis, and autophagy |
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Autophagy
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damaged organelles delivered to lysosome where they are digested and recycled
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Phagocytosis
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-large particles
-surrounds and engulfs |
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Endocytosis
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-pinching off of membrane
-can occur via pinocytosis -specific phagocytosis -macromolecules bind to receptors on plasma membrane |
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Pinocytosis
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specific endocytosis
-in endothelium (blood vessels) -mostly liquid |
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Leucoplasts
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common in plants (potatoes)
-stores starch |
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Vacuoles
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-plants, fungi, protists (organisms w/o lysosomes)
-veryyy large -stores fats, toxins, pigments -act like vacuoles -stores H20, more=better structure -protect leaves/stems from being eaten |
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Cell Wall
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-contain lignin (branching & cage-like)
-structural support (stiff outer layer) -fibers of carbs run thru stiff matrix of proteins & polysacchs -some produce secondary |
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Cytoskeleton
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-shape/structural stability
-organizes organelles into whole -transports and movements w/i -bacteria: actin fibers on inner side of plasma membrane |
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Microfilaments
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actin
-diff ends (not symmetric) -under plasma membrane -cytokinesis -form pseudophoria |
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Actin filaments
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-thinnest, mobility, resistent to pull
-treadmilling: plus/minus ends added and subtracted -grow at plus end |
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Axoneme
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-eukaryotic cilia and flagella
-responsible for their motion -two central microtubules surrounded by nine doublet microtubules -(9 + 2 arrangement). |
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Cell Crawling
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-cellular movement
-actin filaments produce bulges (pseudophoria) that stick to substrate and pull cell forward |
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Centromere
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Constricted region of a replicated chromosome
-sister chromatids are joined -kinetochore is located |
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Chloroplast
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-contains chlorophyll
-double membrane -photosynthesis occurs -amino acid, fatty acid, purine, and pyrimidine synthesis. |
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Cristae
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Sac-like
-inner membrane of mitochondria -ETC and ATP synthase here |
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Cytokinesis
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-Division of cytoplasm
-forms two daughter cells. -immediately after nuclear division in mitosis/meiosis |
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Cytoplasmic Streaming
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-powered by myosin
-distribution of materials -large plants/fungal cells |
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differential centrifugation
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-separating cell components
-by size and density -progressively higher speeds |
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Dynein
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-motor proteins
-use chem E of ATP -"walk” along adjacent microtubule -responsible for bending of cilia and flagella -moves chromes during mitosis -transport certain organelles. |
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endomembrane system
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-eukaryotic cells
-protein and lipid synthesis Includes ER, Golgi, lysosomes |
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Granum
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-stack of flattened thylakoids
-in chloroplasts -light reactions of photosynthesis occurs |
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intermediate filament
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-composed of one protein
-type of cytoskeletal fibers -maintain cell shape -hold the nucleus in place |
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kinesin
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-motor proteins
-use E from ATP -transports vesicles, particles or chromosomes along microtubules |
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mRNA
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-carries transcribed DNA
-specifies amino acid sequence of a polypeptide. |
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microtubule
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-polymer of tubulin protein dimers
-type of cytoskeletal fibers -cell movement -transports materials within cell |
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mitochondrial matrix
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-lined by the inner membrane -contains the enzymes and substrates of the Krebs cycle and mitochondrial DNA.
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mitochondrian
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-double membrane
-site or aerobic respiration -can make own ribosomes |
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motor proteins
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-converts ATP to movement
-kinesin, dynein, myosin |
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myosin
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-motor protein
-moves along actin filaments -muscle contraction, cytokinesis and vesicle transport |
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nucleolus
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-in nucleus
-rRNA processing -ribosome subunits assembled |
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stroma
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-in chloroplasts
-thylakoids embedded -site of Calvin Cycle |
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thylakoid
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-chloroplasts
-converts light E-->chem E |
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cadherins
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-cell-surface proteins
-involved in cell adhesion -coordinate cell movement |
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desmosome
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-has cadherins proteins
-bind cytoskeletons of adjacent animal cells -found where cells are strongly attached |
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extracellular matrix
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-network of proteins and polysaccharides
-collagen, fibronectin |
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fibronectin
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-abundant protein in ECM
-binds to integrins/ other ECMs -anchors cells in place |
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gap junction
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-connects cytoplasm of adj cells
-allows passage of h20, ions, and small molecules |
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GTP
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-guanine, a sugar, 3 phosphate groups
-can be hydrolyzed to release free E -signal transduction (G proteins) |
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integrins
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-binds to fibronectins and other ECM proteins
-hold cell in place |
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lignin
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-found in secondary cell walls
-veryyy stiff and strong -wood |
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pectin
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-gel polysaccharide
-in primary cell wall and lamella -attracts/holds h20 -keeps cell wall moist |
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phosphorylation cascade
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series of phosphorylation runs
-common in transduction -amplifies and conveys signal |
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plasmodesmata
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-physical connection b/w two plant cells
-gaps in cell wall -plasma membranes, cytoplasm, and smooth ER can connect -similar to gap junctions |
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protein kinase
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catalyzes addition of a phosphate group to another protein
-activates/deactivates substrate |
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Ras Protein
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-type of G protein
-activated by binding signal molecules to receptor tyrosine kinases -initiates phosphorylation cascade-->cell response |
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Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
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-cell-surface signal receptor
-phosphorylates after binding to a signal molecule -when activated, triggers signal transduction pathway |
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tight junction
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-links plasma membranes
-forms a barrier that restricts substance movement -epithelial (intestines) |
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acetyl CoA
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-produced by oxidation of pyruvate
-enters Calvin Cycle |
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ATP
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-adenine, sugar, and 3 phosphate groups
-hydrolyzed to release E -stores and transfers E |
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Anabolic pathway
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-synthesizes larger molecules from smaller
-input of E |
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ATP Synthase
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-large, membrane bound protein complex
-chloroplasts/mitochondria -uses E of protons flowing through to synthesize ATP |
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Catabolic pathway
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-larger molecules that break down to form smaller
-releases E |
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Citric Acid Cycle
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-8 chem rxns
-starts w/ citrate -ends with oxaloacetate |
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Coenzyme Q
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-nonprotein molecule
-shuttles electrons b/w membrane bound complexes in ETC of mitochondria -aka Q/ ubiquinone |
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cytochrome
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-soluble, iron-containing protein
-shuttle electrons b/w membrane bound complexes in ETC of mitochondria |
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feedback inhibition
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-high concentrations of product inhibit an enzyme
-form of negative feedback |
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glycolysis
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-10 chem rxns
-oxidize glucose -produces 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate -used by all organisms for fermentation/cellular respiration |
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oxidative phosphorylation
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-production of ATP from redox runs of ETC
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phosphofructokinase
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-enzyme that catalyzes synthesis of fructose-1, 6-biphosphate from fructose-6-phosphate
-KEY RXN (step 3) of glycolysis |
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pyruvate dehydrogenase
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-large enzyme complex
-in inner mitochondrial membrane -converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA during cell respiration |
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substrate-level phosphorylation
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-produces ATP
-transfers phosphate group from substrate to ADP -in glycolysis & Krebs cycle. |
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antenna complex
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-array of chlorophyll & accessory pigments
-receives E from light and directs it to a central rxn center -during photosynthesis |
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bundle-sheath cell
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found around vascular tissue (veins) of leaves
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C3 photosynthesis
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-most common form
-atmospheric CO2 used to form G3P (3 carbon sugar) |
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Calvin Cycle
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-light independent
-fueled by ATP and NADPH -turns CO2 to sugars |
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carotenoid
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-accessory pigment
-chloroplasts -absorb wavelengths not absorbed by chlorophyll -yellow, orange, red appearance -carotenes/xanthophylls |
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cyclic photophosphorylation
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-light dependent reactions
-path of electron flow -PS1 delivers excited electrons back to ETC of PS2 |
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Does shorter wavelengths equal lower energy?
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No, shorter wavelengths=higher E
gamma rays are shortest (therefore, highest E) |
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ferredoxin
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-iron and sulfur containing protein in ETC of PS1
-transfers e- to NADP+ Reductase, which catalyzes formation of NADPH |
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G3P
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phosphorylated 3C compound
-formed from carbon fixation in 1st step of Calvin Cycle |
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guard cells
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-can change shape to open/close stoma
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mesophyll cells
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-near surface of leaves
-light-dependent rxns |
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PEP Carboxylase
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-catalyzes addition of CO2 to pyruvate
-forms 4C organic acid -found in mesophyll cells of plants that undergo C4 photosynthesis |
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pheophytin
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-in PS2
-accepts excited electrons -passes them to ETC |
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photophosphorylation
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-produces ATP molecules
-uses E released as light-excited electrons flow through ETC -involves generation of proton-motive force to drive ATP synthesis |
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photosystem 1
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-contains pair of P700 chlorophylls
-uses absorbed light E to produce NADPH |
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Photosystem 2
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-uses P680 chlorophylls
-uses absorbed light E to split water molecules into O and protons -produces ATP |
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plastocyanin (PC)
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-small protein
-shuttles electrons from PS2 to PS1 |
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plastoquinone (PQ)
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-nonprotein electron carrier
-in ETC of chloroplast -receives excited e- from pheophytin -passes them to more electronegatives in chain -carries protons to lumen of thylakoid membrane-->proton-motive force |
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RuBP
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-5C compound
-combines with CO2 in first step of Calvin Cycle |
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rubisco
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-catalyzes first step of Calvin Cycle
-addition of CO2 to ribulose biphosphate |
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Z scheme
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-path of electron flow from PS1 to PS2 to NADP+
-light dependent rxns |
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anaphase
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chromosomes move to opposite sides of cell
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chromatid
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one of two identical replicated strands of a chromosome
-connected by centromere |
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cyclin
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-regulatory protein
-concentration fluctuates throughout cell cycle |
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Cdk
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--control of cell cycle
-activated only when bound to cyclin |
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G1 phase
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first part of interphase before DNA synthesis in S phase
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G2 phase
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last part of interphase
-between S phase (DNA synthesis) and M phase (Mitosis) |
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gamete
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-sex cell
-haploid |
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growth factor
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-signaling molecule
-stimulates cell to divide |
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interphase
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-longest phase of mitosis
-G1, S, and G2 phases |
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kinetochore
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-protein structure at centromere
-spindle fibers attach to sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome -contains motor proteins that move chromosome along microtubule |
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kinetochore microtubules
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-form during mitosis and meiosis
-extend from spindle apparatus to attachment point on chromosome (kinetochore) |
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meiosis
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-sexual reproduction
-diploid produces 4 haploids -halving chromosome number |
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MPF
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-complex of cyclin and Cdk
-phosphorylates specific proteins needed to initiate mitosis |
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Mitotic (M) phase
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stage where cell division occurs
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negative feedback
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-response where a variation of something triggers responses to make it normal again
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p53
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-tumor surpressor protein
-responds to DNA damage -stops cell cycle |
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prometaphase
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-nuclear envelope breaks down
-spindle fibers attach to chromatids |
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prophase
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-first stage
-chromosomes become visible (condense) -mitotic spindle forms -synapsis and crossing over occur in meiosis |
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protein kinase
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-catalyzes addition of phosphate group to another protein
-activates/deactivate substrate protein |
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Rb protein
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-tumor supressor protein
-regulates cell from proceeding from G1 to S |
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spindle apparatus
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-array of microtubules
-moves chromosomes -kinetochore and polar microtubules |
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Spindle (S) Phase
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-DNA synthesized
-chromosomes replicated |
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Telophase
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-final stage
-sister chromatids separate -new nuclear envelopes begin to form around each set of daughter chromosomes |
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aneuploidy
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not having the correct amount of chromosomes
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crossing over
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-the exchange of segments on non-sister chromatids
-occurs during meiosis I |
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meiosis I
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-1st cell division of meiosis
-synapsis & crossing over occur -homologous chromosomes are separated from each other -produces daughter cells with half as many chromosomes (each composed of two sister chromatids) as the parent cell |
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meiosis II
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-2nd cell division
-sister chromatids are separated from each other |
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nondisjunction
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-an error
-one daughter cell receives two copies and other receives none |
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synapsis
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-physical pairing of two homologous chromosomes
-during prophase I of meiosis |
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tetrad
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-structure formed by snyapsed homologous chromosomes
-during prophase of meiosis I |
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