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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do animals exchange heat with the environment? |
Convection Conduction Radiation Evaporation |
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How can physiological and behavioral adjustments help an animal thermoregulate? |
1.adjusting rate of heat exchange between animal and its surroundings 2.cooling by evaporation 3. Behavioral responses 4.changing rate of metabolic heat production 5.relaxation of homeostasis
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Adjusting rate of heat exchange between animal and surroundings |
Insulation Circulatory changes/ adaptations -vasodilation - vasoconstriction - countercurrent heat exchage |
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Cooling by evaporative heat loss |
Panting or throat flutter Sweating or bathing, licking skin |
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Behavioral response |
Posture and body orientation relative to sun during baking Seeking shelter Migration |
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Changing rate of metabolic heat production |
Increased skeletal muscle activity and non shivering thermogenesis |
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Why do animals produce nitrogenous wastes? |
Water balance and waste disposal |
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What are the different forms it takes in different animals ? |
Ammonium: most aquatic animals; extremely toxic and not energy costly Urea: mammals, amphibians, lungfish, sharks; mildly toxicity and energy use Uric acid: birds, many reptiles, land snails, insects; not very toxic. costly in energy |
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How can cartilaginous fish like sharks be hyperosmotic relative to seawater? |
Water enters shark's body by osmosis rather than by drinking. They balance osmotic uptake of water by excreting urine Salt leaves through rectal glands Osmoregulate like other marine fish |
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Differences of osmoregulation in freshwater and saltwater |
Freshwater: hyperosmotic water gain through gills, excretion of large amounts of water, uptake of salt ions and water by gills Saltwater:hypoosmotic, gain of water and salt ions from food, osmotic water lose through gills, excretion of salt through gills and urine, small amount of water lost to urine |
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What are some of the adaptations of terrestrial organisms that are related to osmlregulation? |
Structural: protective outer layers; water recyclers Drinking and eating moist foods Behavioral adaptations Excretory organ adaptations that conserve water |
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Basic mammalian kidney function |
Filtration Reabsorption Secretion Excretion
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Nephron |
Functional unit consisting of a glomerulus that filters blood, a single long tubular conduit in which chemical composition of filtrate is altered and its associated capillaries |
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How does ADH work. Why does alcohol consumption typically result in more frequent trips to bathroom? |
Antidiuretic hormone; release triggered when osmoreceptor cells in the hypothalamus detect increased blood osmolarity, enhance fluid retention by making kidneys reduces blood flow to medulla reclaim more H2O Alcohol inhibits release of ADH causes frequent trips to bathroom and dehydration |
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What are some of the different kinds of kidneys of vertebrates that are related to the species habitat? |
Desert mammals: very long loops of Henle Aquatic mammals: have nephrons with very short loops of Henle Freshwater fish: have nephrons that use cilia to sweep large volumes of dilute urine Bony marine fishes: excrete very little concentrated urine Reptiles: have only cortical nephrons and produce isoosmotic urine |
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What are some animals that have supplementary salt secreting glands? |
Sea turtles: lachrymal Sea snakes: sublingual Crocodilians: lingual Lizards: nasal Birds: nasal |
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Difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? |
Asexual: production of offspring whose genes come from one parent without the fusion of egg and sperm Sexual: production of offspring by fusion of gametes from a male and female to form a diploid zygote |
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What are some of the different ways animals reproduce asexually? |
Fission: separation of parent into two individuals of equal size Budding: new individual splits off from existing one Release of specialized cells: that grow into new adult Fragmentation: breaks into several pieces |
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Parthenogenesis |
Favorable conditions Development of egg without fertilization |
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Advantages of asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction |
Asexual: animal living in isolation can reproduce without finding a mate, no cost of meiosis. Production of many offspring in a short time, perpetuates stable genosites in stable environment Sexual: genetic variation, allows for genetic mutation to be weeded out |
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What is unusual about the genetics of sex determination in Hymenopteran insects |
Males: haploid, develop from unfertilized eggs Females: diploid, develop from fertilized eggs |
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Hermaphrodite |
Individual produces eggs and sperm Advantageous for animals that may have difficulty finding members of opposite sex |
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Sequential hemaphrodite |
Sex change Protogynous: female to male Protandroua: male to female |
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Difference between external or internal fertilization |
External: eggs shed by female and fertilized by male's sperm in the environment Internal: sperm deposited in or near female reproductive tract and fertilization occurs within female's body |
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What are the functions of the male and female reproductive anatomy in mammals? |
Male: production of male gametes, transfer of sperm to female reproductive tract Female: production of female gametes, house embryo and fetus |
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How are male gametes produced? |
Produced in seminipherous tubules Spermatogenesis: production of mature sperm cells Primordial germ cell undergoes mitotic division Primary spermatocyte(diploid) undergoes first meiotic division Secondary spermatocytes (haploid) undergo second meiotic division Spermatids( haploid) become sperm cells ( haploid) |
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How are female gametes produced? |
Produced in ovary Oogenesis: development of ova -Begins in embryo when primordial germ cells undergo mitotic divisions to produce diploid cells - each oogonium develops into primary oocyte by the time of birth - between birth and puberty, primary oocytes enlarge and their surrounding follicles grow -after puberty, with each cycle, FSH stimulates a follicle to enlarge and its primary oocyte completes meiosis 1 to produce a haploid secondary oocyte and first polar body. Meiosis then stops again -LH triggers ovulation and secondary oocyte is released from follicle - if sperm cell penetrates secondary oocyte's membrane, meiosis 2 will occur and second polar body will separate from the ovum. |
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Differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis |
Spermatogenesis: four products of meiosis 1 and 2 become mature spermatozoa - continuous process through male's reproductive life - occurs uninterrupted Oogenesis: unequal cytokinesis that produces 1 ovum and polar bodies - all potential ova present in ovaries at female's birth - long pauses occur between initial steps and final production of ovum
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Difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics |
Primary: directly associated with reproductive system Ex. Genitalia Secondary: indirectly associated with reproduction ex. Hair, vocal tone |
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What is estrous? |
The period of sexual activity surrounding ovulation If pregnancy does not occur , endometrium reabsorbed by uterus |
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What is a menstrual cycle? |
If pregnancy does not occur, endometrium shed from the uterus |
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Where does fertilization occur in the reproductive tract in human females? |
Oviduct / fallopian tubules |
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What are FSH, LH, progesterone, and estrogen? How does the fetus prevent menstration? |
Hormones that work together to coordinate menstrual and ovarian cycles Secrets HCG which endometrium intact |
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What are some recent hypotheses on morning sickness, maternal investment in the developing fetus? |
Mother- fetal discord Father-mother discord and genetic imprinting Morning sickness protects fetus from toxins in certain foods Fetus most susceptible during first trimester Preeclampsia: high blood pressure that damages kidneys such that protein lost from urine |
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What are the three major functions of the nervous system? |
Sensory input: conduction of signals from sensory receptors to integration centers of the nervous system Integration: sensory info interpreted and associated with appropriate responses Motor output: conduction of signals from processing center to effector cells that carry out body's response to stimuli
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What are the three major functional classes of neurons? |
Sensory neurons: convey info about external and internal environments from sensory receptors to CNS Interneurons: integrate sensory input and motor output Motor neurons: convey impulses from CNS to effector cells |
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What are glial cells? What are their function? |
Structural reinforcement, protection, insulation, and assistance to neuron Do not conduct impulses Out number neurons 10- to 50 fold |
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Basic structure of a neuron. Difference between an axon and dendrite |
Cell body: cytoplasm, nucleus, and other organelles Dendrites: convey signals to cell body; recent data indicates that they engage in some info. processing Axons: conduct signals away from cell body Schwann cells: wrap axons and form insulating myelin sheath Synaptic terminals: release neurotransmitters at synapses |
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Basic structure of a neuron. Difference between an axon and dendrite |
Cell body: cytoplasm, nucleus, and other organelles Dendrites: convey signals to cell body; recent data indicates that they engage in some info. processing Axons: conduct signals away from cell body Schwann cells: wrap axons and form insulating myelin sheath Synaptic terminals: release neurotransmitters at synapses |
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What are the elements of a reflex arc? What is a divergent circuit? Convergent curcuit? |
Reflex arc: simple circuit that goes from stimulus, sensory neuron, Motor neuron, Muscle Divergent curcuit: spreads out to several host synaptic neurons Convergent curcuit: multiple synaptic neurons cone together onto one Reverberate: signal returns to host ( cyclical) |
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What is the sodium - potassium pump and how is it important on maintaining the functioning of neurons? |
Ion gradient, counteracts diffusion, uses ATP, regulates amount of Na and K in cell allowing cell to work in a stabilizing condition Resting state Depolarizing phase and rising phase of AP Resting state Repolarizing phase. Undershoot Return to resting stage
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*What are the effects of a stimulus may have on a neuron? |
Hyperpolarized: movement of k+ down concentration gradient Depolarization: movement of Na+ down concentration gradient Action potential: threshold reached, movement of Na+ down concentration gradient |
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The basics of how an action potential is triggered and a nerve signal is conducted along the length of a neuron |
AP regenerated at each position along the cell membrane Unidirectional wave of depolarization Refractory period prevents back propagation of AP |
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*How can the rate of signal transmission be increased in invertebrates and vertebrates? |
Vertebrates: increase temperature Invertebrates: |
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How does the neuron encode the strength of a stimulus? |
Strong stimulus yields high frequency rate of AP Weak stimulus yields low frequency rate of AP |
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What are the two ways a signal can be transmitted between neurons? |
Electrical synapses: -APs spread directly from pre- to postsynaptic cells via gap junctions - impulses travel from cell to cell without delay or loss of signal strength *Chemical synapses: Synaptic cleft separates pre and post synaptic cells - relies on diffusion of neurotransmitter from presynaptic to postsynaptic membrane
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What are the possible functions of sensory system receptors? |
Tactile sensations such as touch, pain, and temperature. Vision, hearing, smell, and taste Collect information concerning body position and the physical conditions of these locations
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Basic structure of vertebrate and insect eyes. What are some differences in their vision? |
Insect: compound eye Has individual facets, ommatidia(lenses) . They have low resolution and high "flicker fusion" frequency, polarized light sensitivity Human: simple chambered eye Sclera: tough outer layer of connective tissue Choroid: vascularized pigment layer Iris/ pupil Cornea: transparent part of sclera Lens: focusing Ciliary body: muscle that deforms lens High resolution, near and far sighted |
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What are the different ways the vertebrate eye can be focused? |
Near vision( accommodation) Distance vision( refraction)
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How is it that we can distinguish different colors? |
Cones in our eyes Contain photoreceptors Multiple subclasses of cones |
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How do photopigment molecules respond to light? |
absorbing light pigment made of: -Retinal( vitamin A derivative) -Protein: opsin |
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How can the ear allow us to discriminate among different frequencies of sound? |
Sound waves produced by displacement of some medium (series condensation and rarefactions) Pressure change |
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What are the main parts of the outer, middle, and inner ear? |
Outer: funneling and filtering -Pinna: mobile on some species -Tympanic membrane: channeled sound to eardrum Auditory canal Middle: 3 small bones amplify and transmit vibrations Stapes Incus Malleus Inner: oval window vibrations, pressure waves in fluid inside canals of cochlea, vibrations of cochclear duct, basilar membrane and organ of Corti |
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What is an ecosystem? |
System of interacting and interdependent living (biotic) and non- living ( physical, abiotic) components occupying a particular unit of space. |
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What is a biome? |
A major regional community of plants and animals with similar life forms and environmental conditions a group of related ecosystems may be called biome |
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What aspects of climate are most important in determining where particular biomes are located on earth? |
Latitudinal and longitudinal patterns of biome distribution over Earth's surface |
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Why are conservation biologists so concerned about saving tropical rainforests? |
They account for 7% of the Earth's surface, 90% of world's organisms, 45% of world's vascular plant species, 45% of the world's vertebrates Most nutrients tied up in vegetation and soils are nutrient poor Threats - logging, burning, - clearing for grazing and agriculture - extirpation of wildlife ( hunting) |
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What is the structure of a typical food chain? |
Eating pathway through which energy containing organic material and nutrients move Producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers |
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What is a food web? |
A collection of interconnected food chains |
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What is the relevance of the 2nd Law of thermodynamics to ecology? |
Every energy transformation increases the entropy of the universe - energy in the form of heat is lost with every transformation (= less usable energy.) Accordingly, the amount of useful energy decreases when energy is converted from 1 form to another |
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What are the major ways human activities are impacting on the species diversity of the planet? |
-Reduction in total area of habitat - apportionment of remaining habitat into smaller, more isolated patches - creation of edge between original habitat and altered habitat Over exploitation Invasive exotic species( increased mortality rates) Climate changes |
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What is the greenhouse effect? |
Heat trapping by earth's atmosphere |
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How might the biota of the earth be impacted by climate change? |
Increased flooding Rising sea levels Reduction of biomes further north and south Different crop sources |
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Advantages of osmoregulator and osmoconformer |
Osmoregulator: can adjust to environment Ex. Salmon adjust to salt concentrations Osmoconformer:less energy costly |
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Disadvantages of osmoregulator and osmoconformer |
Osmoregulator: more energy costly Osmoconformer: unable to adjust to enviroment
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