Bio Lecture 1

Front 1

Science

Back 1

AKA scientific method

A way of explaining the world around us

Front 2

Make an observation

Back 2

Notice something you havent noticed before

Front 3

Ask a question

Back 3

I wonder.. why or how or if, etc

Front 4

Form a hypothesis

Back 4

Maybe it's... ( a possible explanation)

Front 5

CHECK OWL ASSIGNMENT

Front 6

Testing the hypothesis

Back 6

finding out if your predicted explanation is correct or not (sometimes referred to as the EXPERIMENT)

Front 7

Data

Back 7

Theresults of an experiment are usually recorded in one of two general ways: Observationsor measurementsAnalysisof the data, such as graphing or mathematical averaging, can make the answer tothe question clear.

Front 8

Remember this: https://prnt.sc/gq1z30

Front 9

Conclusion/Explanation

Back 9

Doesthe evidence support your hypothesis or cause you to reject your hypothesis andconsider another explanation.

Front 10

Allwe can do is come up with our “Best Explanation” for now. If it stands the testof timeand scrutiny, then these explanations are referred to as…

Back 10

Scientific TheoriesAndScientific Laws

Front 11

What distinguishes living fromnon-living?

Back 11

•Areorganized into basic structures called cells.

•Requireenergy and materials from the environment for metabolism.

•Reproducethemselves.

•Respondto their environment

•Growand develop

•Maintainconstant internal conditions (homeostasis)

•Areadapted to their environment

Front 12

Allliving things grow and develop

Back 12

Growth = getting biggerDevelop = changing in apredictable, orderly sequence.

Front 13

The goal of all life is to...

Back 13

live long enough to reproduce and ensure the survival of its offspring. Biology explores how this is accomplished

Front 14

Remember this: All living things are built of verysimilar building blocks. They are puttogether in different arrangements to build the variety of life around us.

Front 15

All living things require?

Back 15

Food

Front 16

Sixelements build 99% of all living material.

Atoms of these six elements combine toform molecules that make up most of the matter of living things.

Back 16

•Carbon

•Hydrogen

•Nitrogen

•Oxygen

•Phosphorus

•Sulfur

Remember: CHNOPS

Front 17

Name 4 OrganicMolecules- Are built by living cells and contain Carbon.

Back 17

•Carbohydrates

•Lipids

•Proteins

•Nucleic Acids

Front 18

Biological/Organic Molecules are..

Back 18

largemacromolecules build of smaller, repeating sub-units, like beads on anecklace.

Front 19

Smallsub-units are

Back 19

•Monomers

Front 20

Longchains of the monomers are

Back 20

•Polymers.

Front 21

http://prntscr.com/gq2818 : What is this?

Back 21

Monomers combining

Front 22

______ things continuously work between putting ______ together and taking themapart.

Back 22

1. Living

2. molecules

Front 23

DehydrationSynthesis

Back 23

puttingtogether by removing a molecule of water.

Remember this: http://prntscr.com/gq2by7

Front 24

Hydrolysis

Back 24

Takingapart by adding water.

Front 25

Metabolism

Back 25

allthe chemical reactions taking place in living things

Front 26

•What is required when combining monomersinto polymers?

Back 26

Energy

Front 27

•What is released from the hydrolysis ofpolymers into monomers?

Back 27

Energy

Front 28

Simple Carbohydrates are

Back 28

1 or 2 sugar molecules

Front 29

Do Carbohydrates taste sweet?

Back 29

Yes

Front 30

What kind of burning energy does it provide? and how much

Back 30

1. Clean

2. 4cal/gr

Front 31

Name 3 example of a carbohydrate

Back 31

Glucose, Fructose, and lactose

Front 32

http://prntscr.com/gq2hrt given in the slide, these are which molecules combining?

Back 32

Simple Carbohydrates combining

Front 33

Polysaccharides are also called?

Back 33

ComplexCarbohydrates

Front 34

Polysaccharides(Complex Carbohydrates) are long ______ of ________

Back 34

1. chain

2. sugars

Front 35

Polysaccharides(Complex Carbohydrates) taste _____

Back 35

bland/plain

Front 36

Polysaccharides(Complex Carbohydrates) provide _______ burning fuel. and how much?

Back 36

1. clean

2.4cal/gram

Front 37

Give 3 examples of Polysaccharides(Complex Carbohydrates)

Back 37

Starch, Cellulose, and Glycogen

Front 38

Examples of Starch

Back 38

potatoes,rice, bread, pasta

Front 39

Cellulose

Back 39

Plant cell walls=fiber

Front 40

what is madein the liver, and stores excess sugar for 24 hrs?

Back 40

Glycogen

Front 41

4 functions of Lipids

Back 41

1.Long term energy storage

2.Builds cell membranes

3.Builds hormones and cholesterol

4.Oils, waxes, and fats

Front 42

What are proteins?

Back 42

longchains of amino acids.

Front 43

Proteins can be ________, they build us. Give 3 examples of this.

Back 43

1.Collagen

2.Melanin

3.Hemoglobin

Front 44

What are enzymes and what can they possibly be according to the slide?

Back 44

Proteins can be enzymes. Enzymes run everychemical reaction in a living organism.

Front 45

Give an example of an enzyme and what does it do?

Back 45

Lactase is the enzyme that breaks apart thedisaccharide lactose.

Front 46

What are nucleic acids?

Back 46

long chains of nucleotides

Front 47

2 examples of nucleic acids

Back 47

DNA AND RNA

Front 48

What is this?

holdthe instructions for building the amino acid sequences of protein. They tellthe cell which proteins to make and how to make them.

Back 48

Nucleic Acid

Front 49

TheHydrolysis of Starch would produce which of the following?

1.Monosaccharide

2.AminoAcid3

.Nucleotide

4.Steroid

Back 49

1.Monosaccharide

Front 50

Proteinsare polymers of the monomer…

A. Nucleic acids

B. Amino acids

C. Monosaccharide

D. Fatty acids

Back 50

B Amino Acids

Front 51

Hydrolyticenzymes would do which of the following..

A.Break down starch into sugar

B.Put together amino acids to build proteinC.Assemble new copies of DNA

D.Build glycogen in the liver from excesssugar in the blood.

Back 51

A. Break down starch into sugar

Front 52

Whichof the following is NOT a monomer of a polymer?

A.Amino acid

B.DNA

C.Monosaccharide

D.nucleotide

Back 52

B. DNA

Front 53

Wateris a ___________ molecule.

Back 53

Polar covalent

Front 54

It isthe universal solvent. - Is a quality of?

Back 54

Water

Front 55

•It doesn’t change temperature easily. - Is a quality of?

Back 55

Water

Front 56

•Hydrogen Bonds form between watermolecules. (It sticks to itself) - Is a quality of?

Back 56

Water

Front 57

What are ions( also known as electrolytes)

Back 57

atoms with a charge

Front 58

Below pH 7 are

Back 58

Acids

Front 59

Above pH 7 are

Back 59

Bases

Front 60

Neutralsolutions have an equal amount of H+ and OH- groups. They are not corrosive. PH of 7.

What is this?

Back 60

Water

Front 61

We all began as one fertilized egg cell.We are now built of many cells. Thematerial to build all those new cells came from food. We continue to build newcells from the food we eat. We will lookat those cells next.

Back 61

Biological Molecules

Front 62

thesmallest unit of life that exhibit all characteristics of life.

Back 62

Cells

Front 63

•Cell Theory (3)

Back 63

–Allliving things are made of cells.

–Cellsare the functional unit of organisms.

–Allcells are derived from previously existing cells.

Front 64

How small are cells?

Back 64

Less than 1 mm

Front 65

Why must cells be small?

Back 65

inorder for an adequate supply of nutrients from the environment to cross the cell surface and quickly move toall areas of the cell.}

Front 66

What are the two main types of cells?

Back 66

Prokaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic Cells

Front 67

These are traits of...

–DNAnot contained in a nucleus.

–Simpledesign with fewer parts inside the cell. (organelles)

–Nomembrane bound organelles

–Smallercells.

–Bacteria

Back 67

Prokaryotic cells

Front 68

These are traits of...

–DNAcontained in a membrane bound nucleus.

–Manymembrane bound organelles.

–Complexstructure

–Allplant, animal, and fungi made of this type of cell.

Back 68

Eukaryotic Cells

Front 69

Organelles

Back 69

•Subcellular structures that performspecialized functions within the membrane spaces inside the cell.

•Suspended in a gel like fluid within thecell called CYTOPLASM.

Front 70

PlasmaMembrane

Back 70

The outer boundary of ALL cells•Controls what enters and leaves the cell

Front 71

Nucleus

Back 71

•Contains genetic material DNA

•Nuclear membrane surrounds nucleus.

•Found only in eukaryotic cells.

Front 72

Ribosomes

Back 72

•Function to assemble proteins.

•Found in ALL cell types.

Front 73

Chloroplasts

Back 73

•Site of photosynthesis

•Capture light energy and convert it tofood (sugar).

•Found only in plant cells.

Front 74

Mitochondria

Back 74

•Site of aerobic cell respiration –burning of food.

•Found in all eukaryotic cell.

Front 75

Endomembranesystem

Back 75

•System of membrane structures that worktogether to transport large materials into or out of the cell.

Front 76

EndoplasmicReticulum (ER)

Back 76

Nuclear membrane surround nucleus,connects to ER.

systemof passages

Front 77

What is rough ER and give an example

Back 77

ribosomesassemble proteins for export out of the cell.(ex. Insulin)

Front 78

What is SmoothER and give an example

Back 78

sysnthesis of lipids.(cholesterol)

Front 79

Golgiapparatus

Back 79

packagesand processes materials for export out of cell

Front 80

Secretoryvesicles

Back 80

transports materials to cell membrane andreleases them

Front 81

Lysosomes

Back 81

containenzymes that will digest large particles. (found only in animal cells.)

Front 82

Remember this: http://prntscr.com/gq46jw

Front 83

Cytoskeleton

Back 83

•Maintains cell shape (structural)

•Allows cells and organelles to move

Front 84

Cilia and Flagella perform what function?

Back 84

Cilia and Flagella move liquid past the surface of the cell

Front 85

The centrioles perform what function?

Back 85

They direct the movement of chromosomes during cell division

Front 86

Which structures are only found in plant cells?

Back 86

Cell Wall and Chloroplast

Front 87

Which structures are only found in animal cells?

Back 87

Lysosomes and Centrioles

Front 88

Remember this: Each organelle within the cell has aspecific job. It contains all the tools (enzymes) within that structure to getthe job done. Materials move into the cell to be used for energy or buildingstructures. Materials made by the cell may be used within the cell or releasedout of the cell. Efficiency in a highly organized living system requires agreat deal of energy.

Front 89

Phospholipids

Back 89

§Twolayers Hydrophilicphosphate end (toward edges)

§Hydrophobicfatty acid tails (interior)

§Lipidmolecules separate the watery interior of the cell from the water environment.

Front 90

ChannelProteins

Back 90

providepassageways for some materials to pass across cell membranes

Front 91

.Glycoproteins/ Glycolipids

Back 91

carbohydratechains attached to cell surface to act as recognition sites.

Front 92

ReceptorProteins

Back 92

siteson cell surface for binding specific molecules that are used in communicationbetween cells. (ex. Hormones and neurotransmitters)

Front 93

Cholesterol

Back 93

regulatesthe fluid texture of the lipid cell membrane.

Front 94

What can diffuse through the cellmembrane?

http://prntscr.com/gq4mio

Back 94

H20 (water) and noncharged molecule

Front 95

Simplediffusion

Back 95

where molecules move from a highlycrowded area to a less crowded area. Thecell does NOT have to spend energy to move molecules this way.

Front 96

FacilitatedDiffusion

Back 96

Moleculesmove from crowded areas to less crowded areas, but must pass through a proteinchannel to cross the cell membrane. (NO energy needed.)

Front 97

Activetransport

Back 97

moleculesmove from less crowded areas to more crowded areas. This requires a proteinpump and the spending of energy.

Front 98

Osmosis

Back 98

–specifically the movement of water molecules from where water is crowded towhere water is less crowded

Front 99

Traits of Osmosis

Back 99

►Water moves freely across membrane

►Many other molecules dissolved inwater cannot move through the membrane.

►Water will move due to soluteconcentration difference.

Front 100

Hypertonic

Back 100

►Highsolute concentration

Front 101

Hypotonic

Back 101

Lowsolute concentration

Front 102

Isotonic

Back 102

►Equalsolute concentration.

Front 103

►Wateralways moves from hypotonic towardhypertonic solutions.

Front 104

Endocytosis(Phagocytosis)

Back 104

cellssurround a large particle with a section of the cell membrane. The formed vessicle pinches off inside the cell.

Front 105

Exocytosis

Back 105

secretoryvessicles migrate to cell membrane and fusewith the cell membrane, dumping the contents of the vessicle outside the cell.

Front 106

ATP

Back 106

theusable form of energy for a cell.

Front 107

•Living things release the energy storedin food (chemical energy) and put it back into chemical bond energy in ATP.

Front 108

•When the third phosphate is hydrolyzed,the energy released is used for all cell activities. (movement, activetransport, synthesis of macromolecules, body heat.)

Front 109

•Energy cannot be created or destroyed, itjust changes form.

Front 110

•Life requires a constant input of newenergy to maintain order and organization, (the sun).

Front 111

•Enzymes will react with only ONE molecule (substrate)

Front 112

Synthesis Reactions(putting together)

Back 112

Enzymesbring molecules close together at the active site, causing them to reactquickly.

Front 113

Degradation Reactions(taking apart)

Back 113

Enzymesstress the molecular bond at the active site, causing it to come apart quickly.

Front 114

•Heat and pH can cause a protein to unfoldand change shape. (Denature)

Front 115

•Coenzymes and Vitamins may bind to theenzyme and help it work better. Give examples

Back 115

copper,zinc, iron and niacin and B12.

Front 116

Cell Respiration

Back 116

:Releasing the energy from food molecules

Front 117

Glycolysis

Back 117

splitting sugar

Front 118

Fermentation

Back 118

•partialbreakdown of sugar even if oxygen is not available. (only 2 ATP made)

Front 119

Whydo cells copy themselves? (3)

Back 119

Growth – increasing the number ofcells.

Repair – replace cells that aredamaged. Reproduce – (unicellular organisms)

Front 120

Prophase

Back 120

•Chromosomes are visible.

•Nucleus is dissappearing.

•Spindle fibers are visable.

Front 121

Metaphase

Back 121

•Duplicated chromosomes are arrangedsingle file along the equator of the cell.

•The spindle apparatus is visible at bothpoles of the cell.

Front 122

Anaphase

Back 122

•Sister chromatids are separated and pullapart toward opposite poles of the cell.

Front 123

Telophase

Back 123

•Two new nuclei start to form. •Cell begins to pinch in at the sides.