Bio Lab Practical Exam 1

Front 1

Key Features of the Lab

Back 1

Fire Extinguisher

Eye Wash

Shower

Non-hazardous Waste

Biohazardous Waste

Glass

Sharps Disposal

Front 2

Compound Light Microscope

Back 2

Front 3

Blank Compound Light Microscope

Back 3

1. Ocular Lens

2. Head

3. Arm

4. Course Adjustment Knob

5. Fine Adjustment Knob

6. Light Control

7. Base

8. Substrate light

9. Mechanical Stage Control

10. Iris Diaphragm Lever

11. Condenser

12. Stage

13. Mechanical Stage

14. Objective Lenses

15. Revolving Nosepiece

Front 4

The Stereoscopic Microscope

Back 4

Front 5

Making a Wet Mount

Back 5

Front 6

Blank Stereoscopic Microscope

Back 6

1. Eyepieces with Ocular Lenses

2. Magnification Control Knob

3. Head

4. Focus Adjustment Knob

5. Mirror

6. Stage

7. Objective Lens

Front 7

Kingdom Monera

Bacteria

Back 7

Tiny, single-celled prokaryotic organisms

•Very versatile

•Autotrophic or heterotrophic

•Reproduce asexually by binary fission – one cell duplicates and divides into two cells identical to the parent cell

•Individual bacterium microscopic, but colonies are visible to the naked eye

Front 8

Bacteria Structure

Back 8

Prokaryotic

lacks a nucleus &other membrane-bound organelles

•Possess a nucleoid that contains genetic info

•Genome consists of a single, large, circular DNA molecule

•Outer membrane, cell wall, and cytoplasmic inner plasma membrane

•Cell wall maintains shape of cell, protects, prevents bursting

•Cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan (large carb-protein polymer)

Front 9

Bacterial Colony

Back 9

An aggregation of daughter cells you can see with the naked eye

Front 10

Cocci

Bacilli

Spirillia

Back 10

Spheres- spherical shaped bacteria

Rods- rod shaped bacteria

Spirals- spiral shaped bacteria

Front 11

Cyanobacteria

Back 11

Known as blue/green algae (but it's not algae!)

Aquaticphotosynthesizers

Oneof the largest groups in Kingdom Monera Canoccur as a single cell or as a colony

Genus:

Anabaena and Oscillatoria

Front 12

Heterocyst

Back 12

Specialized nitrogen-fixing cells

Front 13

Kingdom Protista

Back 13

•Eukaryoticand mostly unicellular

What is the exception?

Brown, red and green algae!

Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta,and Chlorophyta•Verydiverse group of organisms

•Inhabitevery environment on Earth

Front 14

Nutrition

Back 14

Heterotrophs:

•protists ingest food by phagocytosis (ex.protozoa)

Autotrophic:

•protists sustain themselves using photosynthesis (ex.algae)

Mixotrophic:

•refers to a combination of methods usedto obtain nutrients

Front 15

Classifying Protists

Back 15

Movement:

•Flagella and cilia are appendages consisting of 9 outerdoublet microtubules and a pair of microtubules in the center

•What’sthe difference between the two?•Length!

•Pseudopodia: cytoplasmic extensions

Front 16

Structure of Cilia and Flagella

Back 16

Front 17

Degree of Organization

Back 17

Unicellular

Filamentous

Multi-nucleated

Multicellular

Colonial

Front 18

Phylum Rhizopoda

Back 18

Free living "Naked" Amoebas

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Back 19

Phylum Actinopoda

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Phylum Rhizopoda

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Phylum Foraminifera

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Phylum Actinopoda

Back 22

•contain internal shell composedof silicon dioxide; pseudopodia referred to as axopodiaand extend through pores in the test

•Radiolarians: marine organisms with fused shells

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Phylum Foraminifera

Back 23

•contain calcium carbonate testsand long spines to improve buoyancy

•Forams: found in warm tropical waters andreside on the ocean floor

Front 24

Phylum Kinetoplastida

Back 24

•flagellatedunicellular organisms containing a mitochondrion-kinetoplastcomplex containing extra DNA not housed in the nucleus

•Allows T. brucei tocause African sleeping sickness

Front 25

Phylum Oomycota

Back 25

•includeswater molds (freshwater decomposers) and white rusts/downy mildews (parasiteson terrestrial plants)

•Move using two flagella, no chloroplasts

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Phylum Oomycota

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Back 27

Phylum Kinetoplastida

Front 28

Phylum Ciliophora

Back 28

•Ciliacover entire body and/or cytostome

•Containone macronucleus (DNA & RNA synthesis, asexual reproduction) and 1+micronuclei (DNA synthesis, genetic variation)

•Trichocyst:long thread-like structure

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Back 29

Phylum Ciliophora

Front 30

Phylum Apicomplexa

Back 30

Parasitic,spread from one host to another as sporozoites and have no true means oflocomotion

•Causesmalaria, which is transferred by mosquitos

•Livesin the liver and blood cells of its host, can change surface proteins to trickimmune system•Merozoitesare produced asexually and burst RBCs, reducing hosts RBC levels

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Back 31

Phylum Apicomplexa

Front 32

Slime Molds

Back 32

•Similarto fungi, absorb nutrients from decomposing stuff

Front 33

Phylum Acrasiomycota

Back 33

•cellularslime molds that live as individual cells during vegetative stage

•Onlyaggregate when there is no food

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Phylum Myxomycota

Back 34

•calleda plasmodium when it is a multi-nucleated mass

•Vegetativestage: feeding

•Reproductivestage: no more food

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Back 35

Phylum Acrasiomycota

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Back 36

Phylum Myxomycota

Front 37

Phylum Euglenophyta

Back 37

•containsstorage molecule called paramylonand a flagellum

•Mixotrophic,free-living organisms

•Has an eyespot to help locate light

Front 38

Phylum Dinoflagelleta

Phylum Pyrrophyta

Back 38

•largerange of lifestyles, contain internal cellulose plates for protection

•Responsible for red tides

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Phylum Chrysophyta

Back 39

Diatoms

Silica shells consisting of two halves with pores for gas exchange

•Two body forms: pennate and centric

Golden-BrownAlgae

- Chlorophyll A&C plus other pigments

- Cell wall (if present) cellulose orpectin

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Back 40

Phylum Pyrrophyta (dinoflagellata)

Front 41

Back 41

Phylum Euglenophyta

Front 42

Back 42

Phylum Chrysophyta

Diatoms

Golden-Brown Algae

Front 43

Phylum Phaeophyta

Back 43

Brown Algae

•Fucoxanthinpigment gives color

•Thallus:seaweed body

•Holdfast:root-like anchor

•Stipe:stem-like structure

•Blades:leaf-like parts

•Algin isa multi-purpose polysaccharide extract •Examples:Laminaria,Fucus, Sargassum

Front 44

Phylum Rhodophyta

Back 44

Red Algae

•Phycocyaninandphycoerythrinaccessorypigments give reddish color

•Twocompounds in cell wall:

•Agar: culturing bacteria

•Carrageenan: commonly found intoothpaste, ice cream

•Example:Agardhiella

Front 45

Phylum Chlorophyta

Back 45

Green Algae

•Cholorphyllb asaccessory pigment

•Landplants and green algae are believed to have evolved from a common ancestor•Differentlevels of complexity

•Examples:Volvox, Hydrodictyon, Ulva

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Back 46

Phylum Phaeophyta

(Brown Algae)

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Phylum Rhodophyta

(Red Algae)

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Phylum Chlorophyta

(Green Algae)

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Fungi

Back 49

Eukaryotic

Relatedmore to animals than plants

Prefermoist, dark environment

Heterotrophic

Absorption using exoenzymesto breakdown food outside of the body

Cellwall composed of chitin

Complex carbohydrate

Front 50

Fungi Structure

Back 50

Mostare multicellular

Exception to the rule?Yeast!

Composedof hyphae,or threadlike filamentsException to the rule?

Yeast AGAIN!

Hyphaecombine into a network (mycelium)that forms body of the fungus

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Saprobes

Back 51

Decompose dead organic matter intosimple nutrients

Front 52

Symbiotic

Mycorrhizae

Lichens

Back 52

Either parasitic or mutualisticpartners

Fungiand plant roots

Fungushyphae on plant’s roots increases surface area and helps absorb minerals andwater

Plantshares photosynthetic nutrients

Fungiin a symbiotic relationship with algae or cyanobacteria

Fungusprovides environment for the algae/cyanobacteria

Algae/cyanobacteriaprovide photosynthetic nutrients

Front 53

Reproductions in Fungi

Back 53

Sporesproduced either asexually (mitosis) or sexually (meiosis)

Adultfungi generally haploid

Diploidstage results when gametes of two different sexes combine to form a diploidzygotehares photosynthetic nutrients

Front 54

Fungi Life Cycle

Back 54

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Foliose

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Back 56

Fruticose

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Back 57

Crustose

Front 58

Mycota

Back 58

Belonging to the kingdom fungi

Front 59

Phylum Zygomycota

Back 59

Zygote Fungi

Saprobes(Zygo) Sporangia:produce haploid (zygo) sporesvia meiosis

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Phylum Ascomycota

Back 60

Sac Fungi

Saprobicand parasiticMosthave a cup or sac-like appearance

Asci: produce haploid (asco)sporesvia meiosisConidiophores: produce haploidconidia/spores via mitosis

Front 61

Phylum Basidiomycota

Back 61

Club Fungi

Largephylum of well-known species with a club shape

Portabella mushrooms, toadstools, fairyrings, puffballs, shelf

Causediseases like wheat rust and corn smutStipe:stalk or stem

Pileus: capon top

Gillsunderneath contain basidia that produce (basidio)spores via meiosis

Front 62

Phylum Deuteromycota

Back 62

Imperfect Fungi

Not agroup based on shape or structure“Imperfect”= Only reproduce asexually

Causesmany diseases in humansAthlete’s foot, ringworm, yeast infectionCausesdisease in fruit – citrus mold

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Back 63

Phylum Zygomycota

Rhizopus

"Black Bread Mold"

Has fuzzy appearance

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Back 64

Phylum Zygomycota

Genus:

Pilobolus Coprophilous or dung-loving

"Shot-gun fungus"

Phototropic

Front 65

Penicillium: Paintbrush

Back 65

Importantin production of food and pharmaceuticals

Onespecies produces penicillinOthersused to make cheese

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Back 66

Penicillium

Front 67

Back 67

Phylum Ascomycota

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Back 68

Phylum Basidiomycota

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Back 69

Phylum Deuteromycota

Front 70

Lower Plants

Back 70

•Growlower to the ground

•Allowsfor maximum contact with moist soils•Relyon osmosis, diffusion, capillary action etc. to absorb and move water from theenvironment to their cells

•Older,more basal or primitive plants

•Donot contain seeds or flowers found in common plant species

Front 71

Alternation of Generations (1)

Back 71

•Basiclife cycle of plants, two different life stages•Gametophyte(gamete-producing)

•Sporophyte(spore-producing)

•Dominance:one of these generations is more obvious, independent and photosynthetic•Lowerplants: gametophyte•Derivedplants: sporophyte

Front 72

Alternation of Generations (2)

Back 72

•Gametophytegeneration:

•Gametesproduced in structures called gametangia,protective function against desiccationofgametes

•Antheridia:male, sperm-producing •Archegonia:female, egg-producing

•Wheneggs are fertilized by sperm, become diploid zygotes and grow into youngdiploid sporophytes

•Sporophytegeneration:

•Haploidspores produced in structures called sporangia

•Germinatedspores form new haploid gametophyte plants

Front 73

Life Cycle of Alternation of Generations

Back 73

Gametophyte (n)

Producesgametes

nparents to ngametes

Mitosis

Producedin gametangia

Sporophyte (2n)

Produces spores

2n parents to n spores

Meiosis

Produced in sporangia

As a comparison…. in animals gametes are 2n parents to n gametes by meiosis

Front 74

Transition from algae to land plants

Back 74

•Twolineages of land plants diverged from algal ancestors

•Bryophytes– maintained gametophyte dominance

•Higherland plants – developed sporophyte dominance*9

Front 75

Stonewarts

Genus: Chara

Back 75

•Intermediatestep between green algae and land plants

•Havehigh calcium levels

•Differsfrom other green algae:

•Sexorgans located at tip of the plant and are multicellular

•Flagellatedsperm cells that fertilize eggs within gametangia

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Back 76

Stonewarts

Front 77

Specialized Structures

Adaptive for Terrestrial Life

Back 77

•Awaxy cuticle

•Pores/stomata

•Primitivewater and sugar conducting tissues

Front 78

Division Bryophytes

Amphibians of the plant world

Back 78

•Smallplants that grow in mats

•Onlya descriptive term, not a taxonomic category

•Threedifferent Divisions (phyla) represented, including Division Bryophyta(mosses) – don’t get confused!

•Lack vascular tissue

•Evolvedfrom algae in parallel with vascular plants

•Gametophyte generation is dominant•Dependenton water for reproduction, but cannot regulate water balance – can go dormantin drought conditions

•Sensitiveto pollution (indicator species)

Front 79

Division Bryophyta

Mosses

Back 79

•Haverhizoids thatanchor them into the substrate

•Nottrue roots, lack vascular tissue

•Sporophytegeneration consists of a capsule-shaped sporangium on a slender stalk (seta)•Short-lived,non-photosynthetic, depends on gametophyte for nutrition

•Somespecies of moss (Mnium) aremonoecious –both the antheridia and archegonia present on same plant

•Others(Polytrichum) aredioecious –separate male and female gametophytes

Front 80

Back 80

Division Bryophyta

Moss

Front 81

Back 81

Division Bryophyta

Mosses

•Phyllids:leaf-like structures that are spirally arranged on stem-like structures called caulids

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Back 82

Antheridia

Front 83

Back 83

Archegonia

Front 84

Division Hepatophyta:

Liverworts

Back 84

•Thallus isonly a few cells thick•Observepores and air chambers

•Canreproduce asexually

•Fragmentationof thallus

•Gametangia heldon slender stalks called gametangiophores

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Back 85

Division Hepatophyta:Liverworts

Front 86

Division Anthocerophyta:

Hornworts

Back 86

•Gametophytehas flat thallus

•Havelong, horn-like sporangium

•Meristem(area of active cell division) located in thallus

•Havetrue stomata inthe epidermis – different than the pores seen in liverwort

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Back 87

Division Anthocerophyta:

Hornworts

Front 88

Seedless Vascular Plants

Back 88

•Includesthe club mosses, horsetails, and ferns

•Have truevascular tissue –xylemand phloem•Cangrow larger, produce more gametes and spores

•Havetrue roots to absorb water

•Conservewater using stomata and a waxy cuticle

•Sporophytegeneration (2n) dominates •Gametophytegeneration more inconspicuous

Front 89

Division Lycophyta

Club Mosses

Back 89

•Canlive in moist habitats, Selaginella alsofound in deserts

•Haveclub or cone-shaped sporangia on stems: strobili (s. strobilus)

•Clustersof spore-bearing leaves called sporophylls

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Back 90

Division Lycophyta

Club Mosses

Front 91

Division Sphenophyta

Horsetails

Back 91

•Smallbrown scale-like leaves contain vascular tissue

•Cellwalls contain silica

•Containboth vegetative shoots (leaves) and spore-bearing shoots with strobili

•Novisible gametangia

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Back 92

Division Sphenophyta

Horsetails

Front 93

Back 93

Division Sphenophyta

Horsetails

Front 94

Division Pterophyta

Whisk Ferns

Back 94

•Psilotum

•Commonto Florida

•Lackstrue roots

•Stemsrise from a lateral, underground rhizome•Symbioticrelationship with a fungus

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Back 95

Division Pterophyta

Whisk Ferns

Front 96

Division Pterophyta

Classic or "True" ferns

Back 96

•Trueleaves called fronds (macrophylls)

•Young,curled up fronds called fiddleheads•Growalong underground rhizome (spreadsclones)

•Heart-shapedgametophyte(prothallus)also grows in substrate

•Darkfuzzy spots on fertile fronds: sori

•Clustersof sporangia

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Back 97

Division Pterophyta

Classic or "True" ferns

Front 98

Back 98

Division Pterophyta

Classic or "True" ferns

Front 99

Life Cycle of Alternation of Generations Picture

Back 99

Front 100

Gymnosperms

Back 100

•NakedSeeds

•Produce seeds, but no fruit

•Woody plants, long life cycles

•Characteristicsfor success on land:

–Small gametophytes:

•Multinucleated pollen (male); Femaleremains in ovule of sporophyte plant

•Gametes = resistant to desiccation

•Zygote protected = resides withinsporophyte plant

–Vascular tissue:

•Allows for transportation of water,nutrients, photosynthetic products

Front 101

Angiosperms

Back 101

•Flowering plants that produce fruit

•Phloem with sieve-tube members

–Efficienttransport of photosynthetic nutrients•Pollinated by wind, insects, birds, bats,etc.–Greatergenetic diversity

•Have reduced gametes

–Male- pollen grain

–Female- embryo sac = provides nutrition for embryo

•Endosperm= food storage

Front 102

Gymnosperm Divisions

Back 102

Coniferophyta(e.g., conifers, shrubs) Ginkgophyta (e.g., Ginkgobiloba) Onlysurviving species of this division)

Cycadophyta (e.g., Cycas,tropicalplants, 3 families)

Gnetophyta (e.g., Gnetum,Ephedra,3 families)•Allare wind pollinated

•Theyare heterosporous & monoecious

–Males produce microspores that arereleased for pollination

–Female produce megaspores to ovule housed in sporophyte plant

Front 103

Gymnosperms Life Cycle

Back 103

Front 104

Back 104

Ginkgophyta (e.g., Ginkgo biloba)

Front 105

Back 105

Cycadophyta

(e.g., Cycas, tropicalplants, 3 families)

Front 106

Back 106

Gnetophyta (e.g., Gnetum,Ephedra,3 families)

Front 107

Back 107

Coniferophyta(e.g., conifers, shrubs)

Front 108

Strobili

Back 108

cone-shaped sporangia

Front 109

Back 109

Microstrobilus

-Malecone

-producesmicrospores that develop into pollen

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Back 110

Megastrobilus

-Femalecone

-producesmegaspores which develop into the ovule (later become a seed)

Front 111

Angiosperms

Back 111

•Unique Adaptations:

–Carpel= encloses the ovule àmatures into fruit

–Doublefertilization àsperm fuses with egg, other sperm fuses with 2 polar cells à endosperm

–Flowers

•Femaleand male reproductive structures which are surrounded by perianth(leaf-like)

•Protectgametes

•Ensurefertilization

–Attractpollinators (genetic diversity)

Front 112

Back 112

Angiosperms

Front 113

Parts of a plant

Back 113

Front 114

Plant Diaphragm

Back 114

1. Pollen

2. Anther

3. Filament

4. Stamen

5. Sepal

6. Receptacle

7. Stem

8. Ovule

9. Ovary

10. Style

11. Stigma

12. Carpel

13. Petal

Front 115

Plant Tissues

Back 115

•Dermal tissue/epidermis: in contact withenvironment and offer protection, 1 cell thick

–Specializedcells: guard cells, stomata, root hairs

•Ground tissue

–Parenchyma:support/storage

–Sclerenchyma:support

–Collenchyma:support

•Vascular tissue

–Xylem:H2O & mineral transport

–Phloem:photosynthetic product transport

•Meristematic Tissue (mitosis for plant growth)

–Apicalmeristem: point on root/stem = growth

–Secondarymeristem: branches

–Vascularcambium: girth

Front 116

Monocot

Back 116

Roots: Fibrousroots that branch in different directions

Stem: Vascularbundles throughout

Leaves: Oneseed leaf; have floral parts in groups of three; Parallelveins

Front 117

Dicot

Back 117

Roots:

Central tap root that extends straight into the soil

Stem: Vascularbundles in a circle

Leaves: Twoseed leaves; have floral parts in groups of 4 or 5;

Nettedvenation

Front 118

Monocot Stem cross section

Back 118

Front 119

Dicot stem cross section

Back 119

Front 120

Differences between Monocot and Dicot (angiosperms)

Roots, Stems, and Leaves

Back 120

Front 121

Monocot Root Cross Section

Back 121

Front 122

Leaf Structure

Back 122

Front 123

Dicot Root Cross Section

Back 123

Front 124

Stomata Structure

Back 124

Front 125

______ occurs when the mycelia of two different sexes come together and their cytoplasm fuses

Back 125

Plasmogamy

Front 126

Define Karyogamy

Back 126

When the nuclei of two different organisms fuse

Front 127

Name two things that Penicillium is used for:

Back 127

Cheese

Antibiotic

Front 128

What Fungi Phylum is not grouped based on their shape or structure but by the fact that they only reproduce sexually?

Back 128

Phylum Deuteromycota

Front 129

Lichen have a mutualistic relationship with other fungi.

True/False

Back 129

True

Front 130

Why are Bryophytes and Seedless Vascular plants referred to as "Lower Plants"?

Back 130

Grows closer to the ground

•Allowsfor maximum contact with moist soils

•Relyon osmosis, diffusion, capillary action etc. to absorb and move water from theenvironment to their cells

•Older,more basal or primitive plants

•Donot contain seeds or flowers found in common plant species

Front 131

The _____ tissue of a plant is composed of xylem and phloem

Back 131

Vascular

Front 132

Define Stomata

Back 132

Pore that aids in gas exchange

Front 133

In the sporophyte generation, haploid spores are produced in structures called ______

Back 133

Sporangium

Front 134

In one or two sentences describe the difference between a plasmodial slime mold and a cellular slime mold.

Back 134

A Plasmodial slime mold is a mass of cell with many nuclei. (one cell, many nuclei)

A Cellular slime mold retains their cell walls and are an aggregate of cells. (multiple distinct cells).

Front 135

Brown, red and green algae are examples of what three groups within Kingdom Protista?

Back 135

Phaeophyta

Rhodophyta

Chlorophyta

Front 136

What group within kingdom Protista is responsible for red tide events?

Back 136

Dinoflagellates

Front 137

The compound carrageenan comes from the cell walls of red algae and is often used in toothpaste and ice cream.

True/False

Back 137

True

Front 138

Malaria, caused by the protist____, finds its home in the ____and blood cells of its host.

Back 138

Plasmodium

Liver

Front 139

The five degrees of organization for protists are as follows:

Back 139

1. Filamentous

2. Multinucleated

3. Multicellular

4. Unicellular

5. Colonial

Front 140

Match the organism to the correct phylum:

A. Diatoms

B. Volvox

C. Naked Amoebas

D. Paramecium

E. Laminaria

Back 140

1. Brown Algae; E

2. Ciliophora; D

3. Rhizopoda; C

4. Bacillariophyta; A

5. Green Algae; B

Front 141

Trypanosoma Brucei is responsible for spreading what disease? What organism does it parasitize in order to spread?

Back 141

African Sleeping Sickness

Tse Tse Fly

Front 142

Members of Dinoflagellata use a flagellum to move, have eye spots in order to detect light and are mixotrophic.

True/False

Back 142

False;

Phylum Euglenophyta

Front 143

Define Trichocyst

Back 143

The sharp blades beneath the surface of a paramecium's membrane that comes out when attached or when food is around.

Front 144

Fungi are composed of threadlike filament known as______

Back 144

Hyphae

Front 145

All fungi are heterotrophic and eukaryotic.

True/False

Back 145

True;

Except yeast (unicellular)

Front 146

Describe the ideal environment for a fungus.

Back 146

Dark and damp; but virtually everywhere

Front 147

Define Mycelium

Back 147

Body of the fungus

Front 148

What is the name given to the mutualistic association of fungi and plant roots?

Back 148

Mycorrhizae

Front 149

What is the scientific name for a water bear?

Back 149

Tardigrade

Front 150

When placing a specimen on a compound light microscope, make sure to clean the lenses with a paper towel or Kleenex before examining.

True/False

Back 150

False;

Use lens paper

Front 151

The reason oil is used on the ____x objective lens is to prevent the scattering of ____

Back 151

100

Light

Front 152

What is the magnification of the ocular lenses in our microscopes?

What would be the total magnification be when looking through the 40x objective lens?

Back 152

10x

400

Front 153

A _____ microscope is used to view relatively large, thick specimens in three dimensions.

Back 153

Stereoscopic

Front 154

The three most common bacterial cell shapes are:

Back 154

Cocci- spheres

Bacilli- rods

Spirillia- spirals

Front 155

Put in order:

A. Add 5 drops of safranin, wait 20 seconds, rinse with tap water

B. Add 4-5 drops of iodine solution, wait one minute, rinse with tap water

C. Add 4-5 drops of crystal violet, wait one minute, rinse with tap water

D. Prepare smear

E. Add 3-5 drops of decolorizing alcohol solution, rinse immediately

Back 155

1. D

2. C

3. B

4. E

5. A

Front 156

Gram-positive bacteria have an outer lipopolysaccharide layer.

True/False

Back 156

False;

Gram-Negative

Front 157

Where is the genetic information found in a prokaryotes?

Back 157

Nucleoid

Front 158

______represents one of the largest groups in Kingdom Monera.

Back 158

Cyanobacteria

Front 159

Protists have been known to accomplish movement with the help of flagella, cilia and _____

Back 159

Pseudopods

Front 160

Define Mixotrophic

Back 160

An organism that can make their own food (autotrophic) and also searches and eats food (heterotrophic). Has a mixture of both characteristics.