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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
taxis
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refers to the act of orenting towards some xternal stimulus or combnation of stimuli
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different types of taxis
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phototaxis - light
chemotaxis - smell phonotaxis - sound geotaxis - gravity |
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it is positive taxis if
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the orientation is toward the source
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it is a negative taxis if
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the orientation is away from the source
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kinesis refers to
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non-directional orienting reactions in the presence of a particular sensory stimulus
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sows bugs are in the class and order of
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crustacea / isopoda
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describe sowbugs
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group to about 14 mm long, range in color from gray to dark brown, live in damp, dark decaying plant material under logs, leaf piles and rocks, 7 pairs of legs, covered in overlapping plates
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2 ways in which sow bugs and pill bugs differ
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1. sow bugs have 2 tail like appendages protruding from their abdomen
2. the plates of the pillbug are articulated enough to allow the animals to curl into a ball/ sow bug can curl into a C at best |
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mazes are often used in study
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animal movement, learning and choice behavior
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types of mazes include
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T maze - used to study handedness or taxis, photo taxis can be studied here
L T maze - used to study directionality of alking |
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in mazes what does S, D, F stand for
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S - starting point
F - forced turn D - decision point |
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parts of a research report
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title
abstract introduction materials and methods results discussion literature cited |
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types of tropical plants
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1. tree furn ( Alsophila cooperi) - Pterophyta
2. Paper Flower ( Bougainvillea glabra) - Anthophyta 3. Staghorn fern (Platycerum sp.) - Pterophyta 4. Banyan Tree ( Fiscus benghalensis) - Anthophyta 5. Banana ( Musa cavendishii) - Anthophyta 6. tree philodendron ( Philodendron eichieri) - Anthophyta 7. rabbit's foot fern ( Polypodium aureum) - Pterophyta |
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desert plants type
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1. cactii - Anthophyta
2. milk bush ( Euphorbia trigona) - Anthophyta 3. cocoon plant ( senecio haworthii) - Anthophyta 4. african stone plants ( lithops sp.) Anthophyta |
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2 primary functions of the skull
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1. protection of the brain and other sensory receptors
2. attachment sites for jaw muscles |
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four basic types of teeth
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incisor, canine, premolar, molar
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the skull is comprised of 2 main parts which are
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cranium and mandible
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the cranium can be subdivided into the
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brain case and rostrum
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the brain case protects __ and is associated with the
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the brain / auditory bullew, foramen magnum, occipital condyles
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the auditory bullae are
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bony projections of the middle ear cavity in mammals, they house auditory bones necessary for hearing
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no xylem or phloem and use rhizoids for support in soil
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non- vascular plants
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what type of plants are included in non - vascular plants
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liverworts, hornworts, mossses, sphagnum spp.
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describe mosses
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over 12,000 species, most can dry out and become dormant for long periods, some have vascular like tissues
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describe sphagnum spp.
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most abundant species on Earth - create peat bogs ( slow decomposition, high acid, lots of carbon)
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most vascular plants use
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roots in soil
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two main categories of vascular plants
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1. seedless; spore bearing
2. seed bearing plants |
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types of vascular plants with small leaves
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1. variable ( alternate) forked stems with distinct root and stem
2. dichotomous forked stem with no difference between root and stems, minute scales, no leaves |
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describe the types of variable forked stems and given an example
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1. no silicon in stem with numerous leaves
- club mosses (Lycophyta) - 1,00 species, 2 - 40m tall, 1st plants with roots, each is male and female and some live entirely underground 2. silicon in ointed, finely - ribbed stems and scales - Horsetails ( Spenophyta) - 15 species in one genus, live in O2 poor, waterlogged soils, hollow stems allow O2 transport to roots, high density of silica in tissues makes for good pot scrubbers, photosynthesis occurs in stems |
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types of seedless; spore bearing vascular plant
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1. small leaves with single, central vein or scales
2. large leaves with complex venation |
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describe and given an example of dichotomous forked stems
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1. whisk ferns (Psilophyta)
- 6 speicies in 2 genera, uses rhizomes and no roots, some are epiphytic, Psilotum spp - lacking both roots and leaves, most primitive of vascular plants |
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give an example of a vascular plant with large leaves with complex venation
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Fern ( Pteridophyta)
- 12,000 species, some are epiphytic, large well developed leaves, oldest group of vascular plants, some grow up to 50 ft high, more called "tree ferns" |
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2 major categories of seed-bearing plants
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1. seeds naked ( gymnosperms)
2. seeds contained in coverings ( seed coats) ( angiosperms) |
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types of seeds naked (gymnosperms)
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1. motile sperm
2. non-motile sperm |
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describe motile sperm
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1. leaves pinnate and large (palm like), plants bases often enlarged (caudex)
- Cycads ( Cycadophyta) - 140 species, similar to palms in appearance, woody, heterosporous, 200 male plants for every one female plant in the wild 2. leaves with dichotomously forked veins and medium to small size, fan shaped leaves - Ginkgos ( ginkgophyta) - 1 species currently exist called the Maidenhair tree, originated in China, deciduous |
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describe non - moitle spermm
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1. no vessel memebers in wood, resin canals present
-Conifers ( Coniferophyta) - 600 species, most widely distributed group of plants, flower, fruit and seed strucutre important in success. - a dozen seeds can produce more new plant then a million spores - seeds can remain viable for years, seed coat protects seed from desiccation - include annuals, biennials, perennials - fibrous root or tap root systems and diverse leaf types - 2 main subtypes : 1) monocotyledons ( grass, palms) 2) dicotyledon ( roses, oaks, maples) |
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bryophyta falls under
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non vascular plant ex. mosses
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lycophyta falls under
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vascular plant, seedless and spore bearing, small leaves with single central vein or scales, variable forked stems and root/stem distinct, no silicon in stem with numerous leaves
ex. club mosses |
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Spenophyta falls under
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vascular plant, seedless and spore bearing, small leaves with single central vein or scales, variable forked stems and root/stem distinct, silicon in jointed, finely-ribbed stem withscales
ex. horsetails |
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Psilophyta falls under
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vascular plant, seedless and spore bearing, small leaves with single central vein or scales, dichotomous forked stems with no difference between root and stem
ex. whisk fern |
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Pteridophyta falls under
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vascular plant, seedless and spore bearing, large leaves with complex venation
ex. fern ( tree fern) |
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cycadophyta falls under
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vascular plant, seed bearing plant, seed naked ( gymnosperms), motile sperm, leave pinnate and large ( palm like)
ex. cycads |
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ginkgophyta
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vascular plant, seed bearing plant, seed naked ( gymnosperms), motile sperm, leaves dichotomously forked veins and medium to small size
ex. ginkgos |
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coniferophyta
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vascular plant, seed bearing plant, seed naked ( gymnosperms), non -motile sperm, no vessel members in wood, resin canals present
ex. conifers |
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Anthophyta
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vascular plant, seeds contained in coverings ( seed coats - angiosperms)
ex. flowering plants |
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4 climate zones in the greenhouse
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cool temperate, desert, tropical, warm temperate (sub-tropical)
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sagital crest
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ride of the bone on the dorsal (top) surface margin of the skull, purpose is to provide jaw muscle attachment for stronger biting and gripping action of the jaw
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nuchal crest
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ridge on the posterior margin of the skull, that run perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the skull, purpose of the ridge is the provide muscle attachment sites for muscle that run into the neck and shoulders that control head movement
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describe canine teeth
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unicupsid( single point) with a single root, posterior to the incisor
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premolars vs. molars
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pre - multicupsid ( many points) tooth, posterior to the canine teeth and have deciduous predecessor ( baby teeth)
molars - multicupsid, postierior to the premolars, dont have deciduous predecessors and typically larger with more cusps |
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succession of teeth
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incisors, canine, premolars, molars
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eye orientation typical of predators
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forward facing eyes
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eye orientation typical of herbivores
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eyes on the side of their heads to allow for a much larger field of view
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A FORAMEN MAGNUM With AN ABORAL ( away from mouth) orientation tells you
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an animals has a horizontal or prostrate positions
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a foramen magnum located more under neath indicates
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more upright posture
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omnivores tend to have what types of eye orientation
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more lateral, not as lateral as herbivores
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temperature of the 4 climate zones
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1. warm temperate = 55 - 65 in winter, up to 95 in summer
2. cool temperate = 50-60 in winter, up to 90 in summer 3. desert = 50-60 in winter, 110 in summer 4. tropical = 65-75 in winter, up to 90 in summer |
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in a sign test, a critical value of s = 1 or s = 9 would lead us to
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reject our null hypothesis at the alpha level of .05
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chi - sqaure formula
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sum of( observed - expected squared) / expected
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decision rule of the chi- sqaured
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if your value is less then the critical value then we fail reject the null
if your value is more then the critical then you reject the null and support the alternative |
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describe tropical environments
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- abundant sun, water and warmer temperatures
- favor plant diversity and a lush, multi-zoned, vertical canopy with year round growth |
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what happens as a result of the rapid growth in tropical plants
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they become top heavy, requiring accessory growth of lateral prop roots at the base of the plant or lateral roots elsewhere along the stem to hold on to other vegetation for support
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in tropical environments, bacterial/fungal decomposition is accelerated by
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warm, humid conditions but the rapid decomposition produces thin ground cover that in combination with moist soil often forms poor substrate support for top-heavy plants
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in tropical environments lower, more heavily shaded zones are characterized by
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large, flat leaves but theses leaves collect water as well and then added weight to an already large leaf can be a burden in a down pour
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epiphytic plants dont have
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roots to tap the earth for water and nutrients
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the tree fern survives in the deep shade in mature forests by
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having the highest photosynthetic efficiency among plants
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because the tree fern leaves are so thin
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every photosynthesizing cell receives some light even in heavy shade and the large leaf size acts as a huge solar collector
- cuticle is either absent/ reduced to further enhance the entry of light to photosynthesizing cells |
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what has the paper flow evolved in it structure because it is fast growning
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it has evolved thorns primarily to catch and hold onto other surfaces
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