Bio Lab 1011L Circulatory And Respiratory Systems

Front 1

What is the function of the circulatory system?

Back 1

it provides a means of delivering oxygen, nutrients and hormones to the cells of the body, while concomitantly removing the metabolic wastes (carbon dioxide and ammonia) produced by them

Front 2

What are homeotherms?

Back 2

warm blooded animals

birds mammals

Front 3

In homeotherms, what is an additional vital role of the circulatory system?

Back 3

regulation of body temperature: thermoregulation through a process referred to as countercurrent heat exchange (CCHE)

Front 4

In terms of the countercurrent heat exchange, what occurs when an organism is situated in an environment that is colder than its core body temperate?

Back 4

The countercurrent heat exchange permits transfer of heat from the warm blood flowing through the arteries of the extremities to the colder blood traveling in the veins, which run parallel to them.

warm blood e.g. blood being pumped from the heart

Front 5

Explain how does the transport of nutrients occurs in unicellular organisms such as protozoans, cnidarians, and planaria

Back 5

The cells of unicellular organisms are in constant contact with the external environment, allowing them to use their cell surface to obtain and transport nutrients and also expel wastes.

Front 6

What do pseudocoelomate invertebrates use as a means of circulation?

Back 6

pseudocoelomates utilize the fluids present inside of their body cavities not only as a hydrostatic skeleton (for movement) but also as a means of circulation

Front 7

Large multicellular animals transport nutrients, gases, and waste products by developing specialized organs and organ systems such as..

Back 7

circulatory and respiratory systems to perform the aforementioned functions

Front 8

In an open circulatory system, a muscular heart pumps ______through a network of channels and cavities in the body which eventually drain back into the ______.

Back 8

hemolymph (blood and fluid of the body tissues)

central cavity

Front 9

Which animals have an open circulatory system?

Back 9

mollusks and arthropods

Front 10

Which animals have closed circulatory systems?

Back 10

annelids and vertebrates

Front 11

In a closed circulatory system the heart pumps blood through a series of _____ that transport _______&_______to the rest of the body while simultaneously removing wastes from the ______.

Back 11

blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries)

oxygen & nutrients

tissues

Front 12

Organisms respire (breathe) to obtain oxygen necessary for _______ and to eliminate _______.

Back 12

cellular respiration

carbon dioxide

Front 13

Do arthropods possess a single respiratory organ?

Back 13

NO
Instead, air enters the body through spiracles (specialized openings in the exoskeleton) and into small, branched, cuticle-lined trachea (air-ducts), which transmit gases to the entire body.

Front 14

What the aquatic vertebrates use to extract oxygen from their surrounding environment?

Back 14

gills

Front 15

Within the gills, _____ are arranged to create _____, where blood flows in the opposite direction of water movement, thus maximizing blood oxygenation.

Back 15

lamellae

countercurrent flow

Front 16

Amphibians respire via ___ and ____.

Their highly vascularized epidermis allows exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in a process referred to as ___________.

Back 16

lungs and the skin

cutaneous respiration

Front 17

In terrestrial vertebrates, lungs move air through tubules where gas exchange takes place. How does the use of lungs provide more efficiency?

Back 17

lungs minimize water evaporation

Front 18

Why are the respiratory systems of terrestrial organisms the most efficient?

Back 18

because they need to maintain the high metabolic demands of ENDOTHERMY and increased cellular respiration

Front 19

What is the human circulatory (cardiovascular) system composed of?

Back 19

heart blood & blood vessels

Front 20

The heart pumps blood through the blood vessels to various organs, supplying the tissues with oxygen and nutrients while...

Back 20

concomitantly removing carbon dioxide and other waste produced by them

Front 21

oxygenated blood flows away from the heart to the rest of the organs (with the exception of the lungs) and tissues through _____.

Back 21

arteries

Front 22

________ blood, leaves the tissues and organs through _____ and returns to the heart.

Back 22

Deoxygenated blood

veins

Front 23

What are the two circuits of the cardiovascular system of most vertebrates?

Back 23

systemic & pulmonary

Front 24

The ______circuit is composed of the lungs and all the vessels that connect the lungs with the heart while the _______consists of the entire body (excluding the lungs) and the remaining vessels.

Back 24

pulmonary

systemic

Front 25

The heart is separated into left and right half, where the right half (right atrium and ventricle) supply blood to the _________ and the left half supplies blood to the _______.

Back 25

pulmonary circuit

systemic circuit

Front 26

What are the septa between the atria (interatrial septum) and the ventricles (interventricular septum) used to prevent?

Back 26

They are used to prevent oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing

multiple valves within the heart ensure that blood flows in one direction

Front 27

Atrioventricular valves allow blood in the atria to empty into the ventricles precluded backflow. What the the two atrioventricular valves, and in which side of the heart are they found

Back 27

bicuspid mitral valve : left

tricuspid valve : right

Front 28

What are the valves located between the ventricles and arteries?

Back 28

semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary)

Front 29

When the left ventricle contracts, what happens immediately after the aortic valve opens

Back 29

it pushes from the ventricle into the aorta, the main artery supplying oxygen rich blood to the entire body (systemic circulation)

Front 30

When happens immediately after the pulmonary semilunar valve opens

Back 30

forces blood from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery, which transports deoxygenated blood from the heart back to the lungs (pulmonary circulation)

Front 31

In summary, blood flow alternates between the pulmonary and systemic circuits. The left ventricle pumps blood into the ____ and to the ______. As blood flows through tissues and organs, it becomes ______ and is eventually returned to the _______of the heart the ________.

Back 31

1.aorta
2.rest of the body
3.deoxygenated
4.right atrium
5.venae cavae

Front 32

As the right atrium contracts, _______ blood flows into the ______and then into the _______, which carry blood to the _____where it is suppled with oxygen. This oxygenated blood is then returned to the left atrium of the heart by the _______.

Back 32

1.deoxygenated
2.right ventricle
3.pulmonary arteries
4.lungs
5.pulmonary veins

Front 33

With every heartbeat, a highly coordinated series of contractions push blood from the ___into the ____ and them either to the ____or the ______.

Back 33

1.atria
2.ventricle
3.lungs
4.rest of the body

Front 34

What did mammals evolve to accommodate the increased metabolic demands of endothermy

Back 34

mammals evolved lungs that are composed of million of ALVEOLI that function in gas exchange

Front 35

Describe that process of inhalation

Back 35

the diaphragm contracts,
pushing down against the abdomen
which results in an increase volume of the thorax.

Opening of the thorax allows air that have been inhaled to though the mouth and nose to pass through the pharynx into the larynx (voice box) and then into the trachea.

The trachea then bifurcates to form left and right bronchi in the left and right lung, respectively

Front 36

Define tidal volume

Back 36

the amount of air that a person at rest normally takes in during a single breath

Front 37

What kind of apparatus is used to measure the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs

Back 37

spirometer

Front 38

The spirometer can measure _____, which is the amount a person takes in during normal, quiet breather (tidal volume)+ the maximum air inhaled beyond the tidal volume (INSPIRATORY RESERVE)

Back 38

VITAL CAPACITY

Front 39

A person's ______is a good measure of his/her overall respiratory efficiency and health.

What kind of diseases can severely decrease a person's vital capacity?

Back 39

vital capacity

asthma, emphysema, tuberculosis, and cancer

Front 40

what are the four key characteristics of the perch

class actinopterygii

Back 40

1.2 chambered heart
2.ectothermic
3.gills-sits of gas exchange
4.swim bladder-regulation of gas concentrations in blood and buoyancy

Front 41

2 chambered heart
ectodermic
gills
swim bladder absent-buoyancy achieved by a large lobed liver filled with oil

these are the key characteristic of which organism

Back 41

shark
chondricthyes

Front 42

What kind of heat does a frog have? Is it endo or eco thermic ? What are its respiratory tissues?

Back 42

3 chambered heats
ectodermic
lungs and skin

Front 43

What are the 3 key characteristics of the pig along with other representatives such as the marsupials placentals and monotremes

Back 43

4 chambered heart
endothermic
respiratory tissue : lungs

Front 44

Name the organism that has an efficient respiratory system which includes air sacs and lungs

name 4 more characteristic for this organism

Back 44

pigeon

1. 4 chambered heart
2. endothermic
3. high body temperature
3. high metabolism

Front 45

what are the main respiratory organ for each of the organisms

perch
shark
leopard frog
pig
rat
pigeon

Back 45

perch: gills
shark:gills
leopard frog: skin and lungs
pig lungs
rat lungs
pigeon lungs air sacs and trachea