Bio Final - Winter 2016

Front 1

Parietal cortex is a part of which system?

Back 1

Attention

Front 2

Frontal eye fields are part of which system?

Back 2

Attention

Front 3

Intraparietal area/sulcus is part of which system?

Back 3

Attention

Front 4

Middle temporal cortex is part of which system?

Back 4

Attention

Front 5

Anterior cingulate is part of which system?

Back 5

Attention

Front 6

DLPFC is part of which system?

Back 6

Attention

Front 7

mPFC is part of which system?

Back 7

Attention

Front 8

Spatial hemineglect occurs on which side of which brain lobe?

Back 8

Right side of parietal lobe and medial temporal lobe

Front 9

Spatial hemineglect misses things on which side of space?

Back 9

Left

Front 10

In eye tracking light is coming in from ____ side and directing attn to ____ side.

Back 10

Left; Right

Front 11

Parietaltemporal lesions occur on which side of the brain?

Back 11

Right

Front 12

Direct attn - where gaze is pointed -- Overt or Covert Attn?

Back 12

Overt

Front 13

Involve saccades -- Overt or Covert Attn?

Back 13

Overt

Front 14

Direct/voluntary eye movements to a particular point in space?

Back 14

Saccades

Front 15

Shifting this attention results in eye movements -- Overt or Covert Attn?

Back 15

Overt

Front 16

Uses the corner of the eye -- Overt or Covert Attn?

Back 16

Covert

Front 17

Uses the peripheral retina -- Overt or Covert Attn?

Back 17

Covert

Front 18

Can be directed at a point in space -- Overt or Covert Attn?

Back 18

Covert

Front 19

Not associated with eye movements -- Overt or Covert Attn?

Back 19

Covert

Front 20

Shifting this attention is primarily unintentional -- Overt or Covert Attn?

Back 20

Covert

Front 21

Monkey dot probe task uses what part of the brain?

Back 21

Inferior temporal cortex

Front 22

In the monkey dot probe task--what happened when overt attention was in the center and covert attention was to the L side and red?

Back 22

Neural activity

Front 23

In the monkey dot probe task--what happened when overt attention was in the center and covert attention was to the R side and green?

Back 23

No neural activity

Front 24

In the monkey dot probe task--what happened when overt and covert attention occurred at the same time and was asked to shift covert attention to L side?

Back 24

Neural activity

Front 25

In the monkey dot probe task--what happened when overt and covert attention occurred at the same time and was asked to shift covert attention to R side?

Back 25

Less neural activity

Front 26

In the human dot probe task--what happened when target was at cued location?

Back 26

Faster reaction time

Front 27

In the human dot probe task--what happened when target was at uncued location?

Back 27

Slower reaction time

Front 28

____ shifts to emotional faces depending on salience--Covert or Overt Attention?

Back 28

Covert

Front 29

Which task reveals salient concepts?

Back 29

Stroop Task

Front 30

Distraction of words cause slower or faster reaction time?

Back 30

Slower reaction time

Front 31

The affective stroop task is involved in which part of the brain?

Back 31

Anterior cingulate cortex

Front 32

Areas of the cingulate do more cognitive things--true or false?

Back 32

TRUE

Front 33

Standard Stroop -- uses the _____ and ______ parts of the brain and that looks at cognition or emotional responses?

Back 33

dorsal; posterior; cognition

Front 34

Affective Stroop -- uses the _____ and ______ parts of the brain and that looks at cognition or emotional responses?

Back 34

ventral; anterior; emotional

Front 35

Individuals will respond to a given portion of the visual field--true or false?

Back 35

TRUE

Front 36

Attention modulation is involved in which part of the brain?

Back 36

Middle temporal cortex--past lateral sulcus

Front 37

Which resulted in the highest neural response - preferred stimulus/nonpreferred stimulus/both in visual field AND eye on preferred/nonpreferred/not directly on it?

Back 37

Preferred; eye not directly on it

Front 38

Which resulted in the 2nd highest neural response - preferred stimulus/nonpreferred stimulus/both in visual field AND eye on preferred/nonpreferred/not directly on it?

Back 38

Both in visual field; eye on preferred

Front 39

Which resulted in the 3rd highest neural response - preferred stimulus/nonpreferred stimulus/both in visual field AND eye on preferred/nonpreferred/not directly on it?

Back 39

Both in visual field; eye not directly on either

Front 40

Which resulted in the 4th highest neural response - preferred stimulus/nonpreferred stimulus/both in visual field AND eye on preferred/nonpreferred/not directly on it?

Back 40

Both in visual field; eye on nonpreferred

Front 41

Which resulted in the 5th highest neural response - preferred stimulus/nonpreferred stimulus/both in visual field AND eye on preferred/nonpreferred/not directly on it?

Back 41

Nonpreferred in visual field; eye not on it

Front 42

Sustained attention involves which part of the brain?

Back 42

Prefrontal cortex

Front 43

In sustained attention--LC projects to what 2 brain regions via Na channels?

Back 43

Basal Forebrain and Thalamus

Front 44

In sustained attention--the basal forebrain projects to what brain regions via Ach channels?

Back 44

Anterior attention system, Posterior attention system, and sensory areas

Front 45

In sustained attention--the thalamus projects to what brain regions via Ach channels?

Back 45

Posterior attention system; Sensory areas

Front 46

In ADHD behavior in animals--which N/T is blocked in the PFC? And where in the PFC?

Back 46

Dopamine; Dorsal and Medial

Front 47

Increased arousal lead increased or decreased attention?

Back 47

Increased attention

Front 48

Bilateral damage to what brain region results in decreased activation and decreased conscious responding to sounds?

Back 48

Auditory cortex

Front 49

What is sensitivity to pain called?

Back 49

Algesia

Front 50

Excessive pain is called what?

Back 50

Hyperalgesia

Front 51

Hyperalgesia has increased or decreased sensitivity of pain receptors?

Back 51

Increased

Front 52

Normally innocuous stimuli become painful is called?

Back 52

Allodynia

Front 53

Give an example of allodynia:

Back 53

Fibromyalgia

Front 54

The selective supression of pain without effects of consciousness and other sensations is called?

Back 54

Analgesia

Front 55

The congenital insensitivity to pain is called?

Back 55

Congenital analgesia

Front 56

Molecular level issue with nociceptors or within CNS occurs because of?

Back 56

Selective loss of unmyelinated fibers

Front 57

What is used as real anchors for pain rating scales?

Back 57

Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale

Front 58

________ results from series of closely related cation channels each with specific temperature ranges that lead to the probability of opening

Back 58

Temperature sensitivity

Front 59

Pain can result from different temperatures--true or false?

Back 59

TRUE

Front 60

What are 3 things enmeshed in the same system?

Back 60

Temperature, Pain, and Itch

Front 61

What is the lowest threshold of temperature when pain can occur?

Back 61

55F/15C

Front 62

When is the highest threshold of temperature when pain can occur?

Back 62

112F/45C

Front 63

Letters of pain fibers depend on what?

Back 63

Diameter of axons of fibers

Front 64

Bigger, thicker, and myelinated fibers are faster or slower in pain transmission?

Back 64

Faster

Front 65

Smaller, skinnier, unmyelinated fibers are faster or slower in pain transmission?

Back 65

Slower

Front 66

Faster or slower pain transmission occurs because of what?

Back 66

Saltatory conduction

Front 67

Describe the process of getting cut in pain transmission

Back 67

PIC

Front 68

In pain transmission, neurons go up the arm and into where?

Back 68

Spinal Cord

Front 69

In pain transmission, after neurons go up the arm into Spinal Cord they do what?

Back 69

Synapse on ascending T cells

Front 70

In pain transmission, after neurons synapse on ascending T cells they do what?

Back 70

Send neurons to thalamus

Front 71

In pain transmission, information comes into the spinal cord through where?

Back 71

Dorsal root ganglion

Front 72

In pain transmission, information that comes through dorsal root ganglion does what?

Back 72

Synapses, crosses over, and goes up spinal cord

Front 73

In pain transmission, after info continues to go up spinal cord, then what?

Back 73

Neurons synapse in reticular formation

Front 74

In pain transmission, neurons synapsing in reticular formation are doing what?

Back 74

Pain is increasing arousal

Front 75

Reticular formation involves what?

Back 75

Arousal/alertness

Front 76

In pain transmission, after neurons synapse in the RF, then what do they do?

Back 76

They project to limbic regions (ACC)

Front 77

In pain transmission, projections to the limbic regions (ACC) do what?

Back 77

Lead to attention and emotional/affective responses to pain

Front 78

In pain transmission, after projections to limbic regions (ACC) then what?

Back 78

Interact with amygdala and hippcampus for memory

Front 79

In pain transmission, after interacting with the amygdala and hippocampus, then what?

Back 79

Projects to somatosensory cortex to localize pain

Front 80

First order neurons in pain and temperature pathway?

Back 80

Primary afferent neurons

Front 81

Primary afferent neurons have cell bodies where?

Back 81

Dorsal root ganglion

Front 82

A fibers are for what?

Back 82

Pain and temperature

Front 83

A fibers are felt when?

Back 83

Within ~0.1 seconds

Front 84

A fibers cause what kind of pain?

Back 84

Delta pain

Front 85

C fibers are for what?

Back 85

Pain, temperature, and itch

Front 86

What fibers cause dull, achy pain?

Back 86

C fibers

Front 87

What fibers cause instant pain?

Back 87

A fibers

Front 88

Different classes of nerve fibers can be selectively blocked--true or false?

Back 88

TRUE

Front 89

AB fiber stimulation leads to depress pain transmission signals--true or false?

Back 89

TRUE

Front 90

Inhibition of pain transmission occurs through what fiber stimulation?

Back 90

AB

Front 91

Local lateral inhibition of spinal cord is involved in inhibition of pain transmission--true or false?

Back 91

TRUE

Front 92

Where is the pain processing area?

Back 92

PAG

Front 93

Where does the body inhibit pain in an emergency?

Back 93

PAG

Front 94

PAG stimulation leads to what?

Back 94

Analgesia

Front 95

HT, Amygdala, and Cortex are involved in inputs regarding behavioral state--true or false?

Back 95

TRUE

Front 96

PAG is involved in what for the descending pathway in pain?

Back 96

Raphe Nuclei

Front 97

In pain pathway, PAG efferents project to what 2 things?

Back 97

Raphe Nuclei and RF

Front 98

In pain pathway, superficial laminae of posterior horn involves what 2 brain regions?

Back 98

Raphe Nuclei and RF

Front 99

Suppression of pain transmission happens by?

Back 99

Spinothalamic neuron

Front 100

Pain in 2 surface areas at same time is called?

Back 100

Referred pain

Front 101

Dual transmission of referred pain occurs in what 2 pathways?

Back 101

Referred visceral pathway and direct parietal pathway

Front 102

Brain region from neighboring cortex invades space of missing limb is called?

Back 102

Phantom pain

Front 103

What are the main brain regions of Sex?

Back 103

VTA, NA, Amygdala, HT, Septal Nuclei

Front 104

What is the main neurotransmitter during sex?

Back 104

Dopamine

Front 105

What are the main hormones during sex?

Back 105

Estrogens, Androgens, Oxytocin, Prolactin

Front 106

White bumps on the brain are called?

Back 106

Superior and inferior colliculi

Front 107

Another name for the superior and inferior colloculi

Back 107

Tectum

Front 108

Canal of spinal fluid is where?

Back 108

Below tectum

Front 109

Tegmentum is where?

Back 109

Below tectum

Front 110

Bottom floor of tegmentum is called?

Back 110

VTA

Front 111

VTA sends projections to?

Back 111

NA

Front 112

VTA --> NA is what system?

Back 112

Reward system/incentive salience system

Front 113

What is between caudate and putamen?

Back 113

General striate

Front 114

What is another name for NA?

Back 114

Ventral Striatum

Front 115

Why is it called the ventral striatum?

Back 115

Because of ventral portion of striatum

Front 116

What is involved in the mesolimbic dopamine system and reward?

Back 116

VTA sends dopamine projections --> NA

Front 117

What is involved in reward processing?

Back 117

NA

Front 118

What receives dopamine projections from VTA?

Back 118

NA

Front 119

How does NA connect to Amygdala?

Back 119

NA --> ST and Ventroamygdalofugal pathway --> Amygdala

Front 120

NA connecting to Amygdala means what?

Back 120

Fear and reward processing go together

Front 121

What is the anterior bit of septum?

Back 121

Septal Nuclei

Front 122

What contacts Septal Nuclei?

Back 122

Fornix

Front 123

Where does Septal Nuclei sit?

Back 123

Above NA

Front 124

Where is the other bit of septum?

Back 124

Mamillary bodies for memroy processing

Front 125

Electrical stimulation of Septal Nuclei (in humans) results in what 3 things?

Back 125

Pleasure response, degrees of sexual arousal, compulsion to masturbate

Front 126

Sexual Motivation are separate or interacting processes?

Back 126

Both

Front 127

Distraction/stress increase or decrease drive?

Back 127

Decrease

Front 128

Paralysis inhibits performance--true or false?

Back 128

TRUE

Front 129

Fear inhibits erection performance via what?

Back 129

SNS activation

Front 130

Neurovascular issues in sex inhibits erection performance--it can be reversed by what?

Back 130

Viagra on nitric oxide

Front 131

Hormone deficiency inhibits what?

Back 131

Performance and motivation

Front 132

Stimulation of genitals leads to what?

Back 132

Spinal cord reflexes (orgasms/contraction of muscles)

Front 133

Decreased brain stem processes result in?

Back 133

Increased reflexes

Front 134

HPG Axis is used for what?

Back 134

Managing hormones and menstrual cycle

Front 135

Estrogens sensitize what?

Back 135

Lordosis (increase blood flow to genitals)

Front 136

Androgens sensitize what?

Back 136

Erections via Medial preoptic area of HT

Front 137

Erections are sensitized via what?

Back 137

Medial preoptic area of HT

Front 138

What 2 things inhibit the amygdala in sex?

Back 138

Sexual stimulation and orgasm

Front 139

Medial preoptic area of HT sends projects where?

Back 139

Down neurons into midbrain and up projections come in through from flanks

Front 140

Orgasm activates what?

Back 140

VTA --> NA

Front 141

L-DOPA does what in sex?

Back 141

Intensify orgasms and sexual addiction

Front 142

Etoh does what in sex?

Back 142

Increases subjective arousal and decreases physiological response

Front 143

What two hormones are elevated after orgasm and inhibit further sex activity?

Back 143

Oxytocin and Prolactin

Front 144

This hormone has large quantities at birth and used for mother-infant bonding:

Back 144

Oxytocin

Front 145

This hormone is in mamillary glands to produce milk for breast feeding:

Back 145

Prolactin

Front 146

What hormone is used in pair bonding?

Back 146

Oxytocin

Front 147

Social pair bonding is difference in oxytocing receptors where?

Back 147

VTA and NA

Front 148

Medroxyprogesterone cross bind to receptors for?

Back 148

Testosterone

Front 149

Androgens suppresses motivation in what?

Back 149

Sexually naive animals

Front 150

What are the main brain regions are involved in drugs?

Back 150

VTA, NA, Dorsal Raphe

Front 151

What are the main neurotransmitters are involved in drugs?

Back 151

Dopamine, 5HT, NE, and Adenosine (honorable mention)

Front 152

What peptides are involved in drugs?

Back 152

Endongenous opiates

Front 153

Which 2 drugs are a dopamine transport antagonist?

Back 153

Cocaine and Ritalin

Front 154

Antagonist means inhibiting reuptake of N/T and leaving more in synapse--true or false?

Back 154

TRUE

Front 155

Where are the sites of action in cocaine?

Back 155

Olfactory bulb, D1 and D2 receptors in VTA --> NA, mPFC

Front 156

Ritalin brain response at 20 minutes is cocaine's brain response at what time?

Back 156

8 minutes

Front 157

Which drug has sharp peak and same subjective high as quantity?

Back 157

Cocaine

Front 158

Which drug declines ~ 40 minutes?

Back 158

Cocaine

Front 159

Which drug is still pretty high ~ 40 minutes?

Back 159

Ritalin

Front 160

What are the fastest methods of cocaine concentration?

Back 160

IV and Smoked

Front 161

Amphetamine releases what N/T?

Back 161

NE

Front 162

Releasing NE leads to what?

Back 162

Arousal/alertness

Front 163

Amphetamine binds to what N/T receptors?

Back 163

5HT

Front 164

Amphetamine binding to 5HT receptors causes what?

Back 164

Calming effect

Front 165

Amphetamine is associated with active release of what N/T in the NA?

Back 165

Dopamine

Front 166

What are the sites of action for amphetamine?

Back 166

D1 and D2 in NA

Front 167

Ecstasy triggers activation of what brain region?

Back 167

VTA

Front 168

Ecstasy blocks reuptake of what N/T?

Back 168

5HT

Front 169

5HT is mostly gone after how many weeks since using MDMA?

Back 169

2 weeks

Front 170

5HT is still not all back after how long since using MDMA?

Back 170

7 years

Front 171

Ecstasy increases risk for what clinical disorder?

Back 171

Chronic depression

Front 172

What are the opiates?

Back 172

Heroin, morphine, oxycodone, oxycontin

Front 173

What mimics natural endorphins and enkaphalins?

Back 173

Opiates

Front 174

What inhibits pain via spinal cord and PAG?

Back 174

Opiates

Front 175

Immodium is an opiate agonist or antagonist?

Back 175

Agonist

Front 176

What produces euphoria effect on VTA and NA?

Back 176

Opiates

Front 177

What are the sites of action for Opiates?

Back 177

Lateral HT --> NA (delta opiate receptor), hippocampus (mu opiate receptor), NA (delta opiate receptor)

Front 178

Overuse of L-DOPA can lead to what?

Back 178

Dopamine dysregulation syndrome

Front 179

Dopamine dysregulation syndrome increases or decreases opiate binding?

Back 179

Decreases

Front 180

L-DOPA increases or decreases binding of dopamine receptors and NA activation?

Back 180

Increases

Front 181

What N/T is involved in caffeine?

Back 181

Adenosine

Front 182

What N/T inhibits neurons when binding to its receptor?

Back 182

Adenosine

Front 183

What N/T increases sleep drive?

Back 183

Adenosine

Front 184

What N/T binds to dopamine neurons?

Back 184

Adenosine

Front 185

Caffeine binds to what receptors and blocks its action?

Back 185

Adenosine

Front 186

What are positive symptoms of SCZ?

Back 186

Hallucinations, Delusions

Front 187

What are negative symptoms of SCZ?

Back 187

Impaired cognition, blunted affect

Front 188

Brain volume is decreased in SCZ by how much?

Back 188

3-4%

Front 189

Hippocampal volume increases or decreases in SCZ?

Back 189

Decreases

Front 190

Cells or organized or disorganized in SCZ?

Back 190

Disorganized

Front 191

Ventricles are very _____ in patients with SCZ with _____ outcome?

Back 191

Enlarged; poor

Front 192

Ventricles are slightly _____ in patients with SCZ with _____ outcome?

Back 192

Enlarged; good

Front 193

SCZ is associated with excessive amounts of what N/T?

Back 193

Dopamine

Front 194

Rx that's used for SCZ TX antagonize dopamine receptor binding--true or false?

Back 194

TRUE

Front 195

L-DOPA can cause hallucinations and delusions--true or false?

Back 195

TRUE

Front 196

What can cause SCZ-like symptoms n HC or make SCZ worse?

Back 196

Amphetamine

Front 197

What is used to treat amphetamine-induced psychosis?

Back 197

Antipsychotics

Front 198

What are the primary motor symptoms of PD?

Back 198

Resting tremor, bradkinesia (slow mvmt), rigidity, and postural instability

Front 199

What are other motor symptoms of PD?

Back 199

Freezing, non-expressive faces, unwanted motor movements

Front 200

What are the early (leading) symptoms of PD?

Back 200

Loss of smell sensation and REM behavior disorder

Front 201

REM behavior disorder causes what?

Back 201

Acting out dreams

Front 202

REM behavior disorder is a result of body not inhibiting what N/T?

Back 202

GABA

Front 203

What houses a majority of dopamine producing cells?

Back 203

Substania Nigra

Front 204

Basal ganglia's ______ pathway includes subthalamic nucleus:

Back 204

Indirect

Front 205

Decreased subthalamic nucleus cells results in increased or decreased activation of cortex?

Back 205

Decreased

Front 206

What do patients with MPTP-induced Parkinson's respond to that doesn't work in PD?

Back 206

Fetal dopaminergic transplants

Front 207

DBS of what brain area is used in PD?

Back 207

Subthalamic nucleus and Globus Pallidus (internal)

Front 208

What are the basic symptoms of AD?

Back 208

Progressive cognitive decline, memory loss, disorientation, confusion, emotion and behavioral changes, social withdrawal, difficulty moving, walking, swallowing

Front 209

AD is associated with structural degeneration of what?

Back 209

Gross brain decrease and decreased WMI (DTI)

Front 210

What are 2 things involved as potential causes for AD?

Back 210

Beta amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

Front 211

What N/T deficits are seen in AD?

Back 211

Acetylcholine

Front 212

What recycles acetylcholine?

Back 212

Choline acetyl transferase (chAT)

Front 213

Decrease in chAT results in decreased _______ production from precursors

Back 213

Acetylcholine

Front 214

What is a commonly used RX for treating AD?

Back 214

Aricept

Front 215

How does Aricept work in AD?

Back 215

Inhibits acetylcholinesterase

Front 216

What hormone increases sleep and responds to darkness?

Back 216

Melatonin

Front 217

What hormone decreases when you sleep?

Back 217

Cortisol

Front 218

What decreases when you sleep and is involved with the reflex of metabolism and energy?

Back 218

Core body temperature

Front 219

Cell from where have their own rhythm, even outside the brain?

Back 219

Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the HT

Front 220

Do all cells from the SCN of the HT have the same rhythm?

Back 220

No

Front 221

Cells that are free running run at a rate that is greater than 24 hours--true or false?

Back 221

TRUE

Front 222

What are cues to reentrain the SCN and rhythms to the day? (aka time givers)

Back 222

Zeitgebers

Front 223

What happens to rats in days 1-10 when you give them a zeitgeber?

Back 223

Lights off --> rats active because they are nocturnal; lights on --> rats go to sleep (greater activity at night)

Front 224

What happens in rats in days 11-20 when they have constant darknessa and no zeitgeber? Why?

Back 224

Day 11 - activity cycle pushes back a little; each day after the rats wake up later and later; b/c SCN is taking over

Front 225

What are examples of zeitgebers?

Back 225

Frequent, full spectrum sunlight, meals, clocks

Front 226

Are Zeitgebers 24 hours?

Back 226

No because amount of day light is always changing

Front 227

What promotes arousal/alertness in sleep?

Back 227

Hypocretin/Orexin

Front 228

Narcolepsy is caused by what?

Back 228

Decreased H/O (destruction of H/O cells)

Front 229

HT H/O neurons project to where in sleep?

Back 229

Locus ceruleus (NE) and Dorsal Raphe (5HT)

Front 230

Numbness/stupor?

Back 230

Narcolepsy

Front 231

Sleep attack?

Back 231

Hypnolepsy

Front 232

Loss of muscle tone to fall over?

Back 232

Cataplexy

Front 233

Triggered by strong positive emotions:

Back 233

Narcolepsy w/ Cataplexy

Front 234

What prevents motor inhibition in sleep?

Back 234

H/O exciting the LC and DR --> exciting motor neurons

Front 235

What neurons fire during waking?

Back 235

Histamine

Front 236

Blocking what receptors in the HT results in increased sleep, decreased arousal, and decreased vigilance?

Back 236

Histamine

Front 237

What 2 N/T inhibit dorsalateral pons in acetylcholine?

Back 237

5HT and NE

Front 238

Decreased inhibition of 5HT and NE leads to activation of acetylcholine, what does activation of this result in/what would be inhibited if 5HT and NE were not inhibited?

Back 238

PGO waves, REM sleep, Cortical desynchrony of REM, and muscular paralysis

Front 239

Ascending pain tracts activate the RF, which in turn increases what?

Back 239

Arousal, alertness, and LC (NE)

Front 240

What competes with sleep in ARAS?

Back 240

Pain

Front 241

Increases ARAS during sleep leads to increases in what?

Back 241

Arousal

Front 242

Amphetamine results in increase or decrease of arousal?

Back 242

Increase

Front 243

Can PGO waves still be generated without REM sleep? If so, how?

Back 243

Yes; they inhibit 5HT and NE

Front 244

Big peaks in EEG's mean what?

Back 244

Coordinated rhythmic firing

Front 245

What 2 things have very similar sleep stages?

Back 245

REM sleep and waking

Front 246

What are the stages of sleep?

Back 246

Beta, Alpha, Non-Rem 1, Non-REM 2 and 3, Non-REM 4, REM

Front 247

When do PGO waves occur?

Back 247

During REM sleep

Front 248

What is partially responsible for REM?

Back 248

PGO waves

Front 249

What accounts for emotional tone in dreams?

Back 249

Geniculate --> Amygdala projections

Front 250

What 3 things inhibit motor neurons (acting out in dreams) during REM?

Back 250

Brainstem, spinal GABA, Glycine

Front 251

When do most dreams occur?

Back 251

During REM sleep

Front 252

What can happen if people wake up in the midde of REM sleep?

Back 252

Hypnogogic hallucinations and sleep paralysis

Front 253

What kind of sleep apnea results in airway obstructions by decreased muscle tone in tongue or muscles around airway during sleep?

Back 253

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Front 254

What happens when motor inhibition does not occur during sleep?

Back 254

Acting out dreams, sleep walking, other sleep behaviors, REM sleep behavior disorder

Front 255

Sleep disorder is associated with increased suicidal behaviors in patients when compared to psychiatric d/o + sleep d/o?

Back 255

TRUE

Front 256

Sleep apnea occurs in what percentage of adults?

Back 256

3 - 28%

Front 257

What are the 2 types of sleep apnea?

Back 257

Central Sleep Apnea and Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Front 258

Which sleep apnea is less common?

Back 258

Central Sleep Apnea

Front 259

Which sleep apnea is more common?

Back 259

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Front 260

Which sleep apnea is associated with stroke and opioid use?

Back 260

Central Sleep Apnea

Front 261

Which sleep apnea is more prevalent in people that snore?

Back 261

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Front 262

Which sleep apnea is more prevalent in men?

Back 262

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Front 263

Which sleep apnea is more prevalent in overweight people?

Back 263

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Front 264

Which sleep apnea is more prevalent in older people?

Back 264

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Front 265

Symptoms of gasping, choking, and frequent arousals from sleep are indicative of what?

Back 265

Sleep Apnea

Front 266

What leads to disrupted sleep and frequent decrease in O2 in the brain?

Back 266

Symptoms of Sleep Apnea

Front 267

What is the typical percentage of O2 brain saturation?

Back 267

>90%

Front 268

Decreased blood/oxygen saturation means what?

Back 268

Not enough oxygen to the brain

Front 269

What is the device used during sleep apnea that pushes streams of air through nose and mouth?

Back 269

CPAP

Front 270

What is the device used during sleep apnea where air pressure pushes against the collapse of the airway to keep it open?

Back 270

CPAP

Front 271

What leads to predisposition of depression?

Back 271

Decreased 5HT neurotransmission

Front 272

What reverses depressive symptoms?

Back 272

Increased 5HT neurotransmission

Front 273

Decreases in what lead to decreases in 5HT synthesis in depression?

Back 273

Tryptophan

Front 274

Are there gender differences in decreased tryptophan leading to decreased 5HT synthesis?

Back 274

Yes, but they both still decrease in brain

Front 275

Decreased tryptophan can induce transient depressive mood in who?

Back 275

Remitted depressives

Front 276

Does decreased dose of acute tryptophan depletion result in any change in HC, depressives, etc?

Back 276

No

Front 277

Increased does of acute tryptophan depletion results in what?

Back 277

Changes in post, pre, and +24hrs

Front 278

What is the family of neurotransmitters and what N/T does it include?

Back 278

Monamines; 5HT, NE, Melatonin, Dopamine, and Others

Front 279

What drug targets monamines, including 5HT and NE?

Back 279

MAOI's

Front 280

What drug was the 1st antidepressant discovered?

Back 280

MAOI's

Front 281

What drug is the inhibitor of MAO?

Back 281

MAOI's

Front 282

What breaks down monoamines?

Back 282

MAO

Front 283

What drug has increased side effects because it's working on all monamines?

Back 283

MAOI's

Front 284

What is the other enzyme with MAO?

Back 284

COMT

Front 285

What drug blocks reuptake (antagonist) of 5HT?

Back 285

SSRI's

Front 286

What drug blocks reuptake (antagonist) of 5HT and NE?

Back 286

SNRI's

Front 287

What are caveats for 5HT hypothesis?

Back 287

1) Decreased tryptophan doesn't always decrease mood (even in indivduals at risk for depression)--in fact, some can have mood elevation; 2) 5HT neurotransmission increases quickly after SSRI TX, but clinical improvements can be delayed by several weeks

Front 288

What is the family of hormones and what does it include?

Back 288

Glucocorticoids; Cortisol, Corticosterone, and their prescursors

Front 289

What 2 hormones are secreted in the adrenal cortex?

Back 289

Cortisol and Corticosterone

Front 290

Which hypothesis states that cortisol is the enemy, and stressful experiences --> too much cortisol secretion --> going back to brain to bind to receptors and shut off but instead increased cortisol damages those cells?

Back 290

Glucocorticoid Cascase Hypothesis

Front 291

There is increased cortisol in people with depression--true or false?

Back 291

TRUE

Front 292

Cortisol receptors are downregulated in depression--true or false?

Back 292

TRUE

Front 293

What increases dendritic length in the Amygdala?

Back 293

Acute cortisol

Front 294

What are the 2 main receptors in the Corticoid Receptor Hypothesis?

Back 294

Glucocorticoid receptor and Mineralcorticoid receptor

Front 295

Which receptor in cortisol is slow?

Back 295

Glucocorticoid receptor

Front 296

Which receptor in cortisol is fast?

Back 296

Mineralcorticoid receptor

Front 297

In depressed patients, Glucocorticoid receptors are decreased in what 2 areas of the brain?

Back 297

PFC and Hippocampus

Front 298

What is downregulated in multiple psychiatric disorders?

Back 298

Glucocorticoid receptors

Front 299

Which hypothesis states that receptors in brain are less sensitive to cortisol?

Back 299

Corticoid Receptor Hypothesis

Front 300

In the Dexmethasone/CRH suppression test, was Dexmethasone enough in depressed patients to inhibit CRH?

Back 300

No

Front 301

Dexmethasone increases or decreases the HPA axis?

Back 301

Decreases

Front 302

CRH increases or decreases HPA Axis?

Back 302

Increases

Front 303

What needs to be inhibited in order to decrease cortisol levels?

Back 303

CRH neurons

Front 304

In healthy controls, when you give cortisol and induce sadness does the cortisol suppress or not suppress the subgenual cingulate?

Back 304

Suppress

Front 305

In depressed patients, when you give cortisol and induce sadness does the cortisol suppress or not suppress the subgenual cingulate? What does this mean?

Back 305

Not suppress; cortisol is not doing it's job and the receptors are downgraded

Front 306

What is the best treatment for depression? What percentage of reduction in symptoms do you see?

Back 306

Combination therapy; 50 - 60%

Front 307

What is close to 40% reduction in depressive symptoms? What does this mean?

Back 307

Placebo; Actual disease and treatment process are working in the same place

Front 308

Where is cortisol secreted?

Back 308

Adrenal cortex

Front 309

Where is N/E secreted?

Back 309

Adrenal medulla

Front 310

What 2 brain regions have reciprocal projections?

Back 310

Amygdala and PFC

Front 311

In Amygdala fear conditioning, what group(s) freeze when shocked?

Back 311

Both paired and unpaired groups

Front 312

In Amygdala fear conditioning, what group(s) freeze when tone only?

Back 312

Paired group

Front 313

What 3 brain regions are associated with fear conditioning in anxiety disorders?

Back 313

mPFC, Hippocampus, Amygdala

Front 314

What does the mPFC do in fear conditioning in anxiety disorders?

Back 314

Mediates extinction and memory of extinction

Front 315

What does the hippocampus do in fear conditioning?

Back 315

Puts together contextual cues that predict the UCS

Front 316

What does the amygdala do in fear conditioning?

Back 316

UCS is associated with CS which leads to freezing behaviors and outputs down the ventroamygdalofugal pathway

Front 317

In fear conditioning and extinction, what is there a decrease in when the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of an aversive US

Back 317

Conditioned fear response (CR)

Front 318

In fear conditioning and extinction, what is encoded in the amygdala permanently?

Back 318

CS and US pairing

Front 319

In fear conditioning and extinction, what forms a new memory, competes with original memory, and involved in retention and expression in the mPFC?

Back 319

Extinction

Front 320

In fear conditioning and extinction, retention and expression from extinction is found in what brain region?

Back 320

mPFC

Front 321

What leads to transient suppression of fear?

Back 321

Extinction

Front 322

CR can return if the CS is presented in similar or different extinction?

Back 322

Different

Front 323

What disorder is a result of inconsistent cortisol and cortisol that doesn't match subjective anxiety?

Back 323

Panic disorder

Front 324

In panic disorder, there is less novelty, meaning increased perceived control and increased active coping because of what?

Back 324

Decreased cortisol

Front 325

What leads to panic attacks in patients with anxiety disorders?

Back 325

Epinephrine infusion

Front 326

What symptoms are a result of epinephrine infusion?

Back 326

Hyperventilation, increased heart rate, and increased blood pressure

Front 327

What is the main type of RX used for anxiety disorders?

Back 327

Anxiolytics

Front 328

What other type of RX works for anxiety disorders (besides anxiolytics)?

Back 328

SSRI's

Front 329

Benzodiazapenes GABA agonists or antagonists? Why?

Back 329

Agonists

Front 330

Beta-blocers are epinephrine/NE agonists or antagonists?

Back 330

Antagonists