Bio Final Exam

Front 1

A covalent bond is one in which

Back 1

valence electrons of two atoms are shared so as to satisfactorily fill the valenceshells of both atoms.

Front 2

_________________ determine the cohesiveness of water molecules. What key featureof water does cohesiveness promote?

Back 2

B) Hydrogen bonds, surface tension

Front 3

In a single molecule of water, what are the bonds that connect each of the two H atoms tothe single O atom?

Back 3

polar covalent bonds

Front 4

What is the reason why molecules made mostly of H and C are not soluble in water?

Back 4

majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent C-H linkages

Front 5

Which is not a feature of living organisms?

Back 5

capable of conscious thought

Front 6

Which of the following represents a major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryoticcells?A) Prokaryotes are a more homogenous group of organisms than are eukaryotes.B) Only prokaryotes are made of cells.C) Eukaryotic cells have a membrane bound nucleus.D) All prokaryotes are unicellular, and all eukaryotes are multicellular

Back 6

c

Front 7

cell theory

Back 7

All living things are made up of one or more cells.The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living things.Cells come from pre-existing cells through the process of division.

Front 8

The partial negative charge in a molecule of water occurs because ________.

Back 8

the electrons shared between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms spend more timearound the oxygen atom nucleus than around the hydrogen atom nucleus

Front 9

Why does ice float in liquid water?A) The high surface tension of liquid water keeps the ice on top.
B) The ionic bonds between the molecules in ice prevent the ice from sinking.
C) Ice always has air bubbles that keep it afloat.
D) Stable hydrogen bonds keep water molecules of ice farther apart than watermolecules of liquid water.
E) The crystalline lattice of ice causes it to be denser than liquid water

Back 9

D

Front 10

If the guanine content of a certain segment of double-stranded DNA is 28 percent, what isthe adenine content

Back 10

22%

Front 11

Nucleic acids are polymers made up of which of the following monomers?

Back 11

nucleotides

Front 12

When nucleotides polymerize to form a nucleic acid ________.
A) a phosphodiester bond forms between the sugar of one nucleotide and thephosphate of a second
B) a hydrogen bond forms between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of asecond
C) phosphodiester bonds form between the bases of two nucleotides
D) hydrogen bonds form between the bases of two nucleotides

Back 12

A

Front 13

Which of the following are pyrimidine nitrogenous bases?
A) guanine and adenine
B) cytosine and thymine
C) thymine and guanine
D) ribose and deoxyribose
E) adenine and thymin

Back 13

B

Front 14

Which of the following are purine nitrogenous bases?
A) cytosine and guanine
B) guanine and adenine
C) adenine and thymine
D) thymine and uracil
E) uracil and cytosine

Back 14

guanine and adenine

Front 15

What's the difference between purine and pyrimidines?

Back 15

- Purines contain two carbon-nitrogen rings and four nitrogen atoms- Pyrimidines contain one carbon-nitrogen ring and two nitrogen atoms

Front 16

If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence of bases 5'ATTGCA3', the othercomplementary strand would have the sequence ________.

Back 16

5'TGCAAT3'

Front 17

Which one of the following is NOT a component of each monomer used to make proteins?A) a phosphorus atom, PB) an amino functional group, NH2C) a side chain, RD) a carboxyl group, COOH

Back 17

A

Front 18

The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires the_______________________________.A) release of a water moleculeB) release of a carbon dioxide moleculeC) addition of a carbon dioxide moleculeD) addition of a water moleculeE) addition of a water molecule and a carbon dioxide molecule

Back 18

A

Front 19

You disrupt all hydrogen bonds in a protein. What level of structure will be preserved?

Back 19

primary

Front 20

Which level of protein structure do the α-helix and the β-pleated sheet represent?

Back 20

secondary

Front 21

Which of the following scientists contributed to the identification of DNA structure by beingthe first to generate high resolution photos of crystallized DNA?

Back 21

Rosalind Franklin

Front 22

louis pasteur's flask experiment wanted to test:

Back 22

can life form spontaneously?

Front 23

A glycosidic linkage is analogous to which of the following in proteins?A) an amino groupB) a peptide bond. Both connect monomers to make a larger polymer.C) a disulfide bondD) a β-pleated sheet

Back 23

B

Front 24

A primary function of carbohydrates attached to the glycoproteins and glycolipids of animal cellmembranes is to ________.

Back 24

mediate cell-cell recognition

Front 25

Chitin is a major component of the ________.

Back 25

exoskeletons of insects

Front 26

A phospholipid is a

Back 26

nonpolar lipid molecule that is made amphipathic by the addition of a phosphate. The phosphategroup makes one end polar

Front 27

Cooking oil and gasoline (a hydrocarbon) are NOT amphipathic molecules because they

Back 27

do not have a polar or charged region

Front 28

Lipids that form membranes have what kind of structure?

Back 28

polar heads with nonpolar tails, the polar ends interact with water

Front 29

Which of the following crosses lipid bilayers the fastest?A) a sodium ionB) a small, polar molecule like waterC) a large, polar molecule like glucoseD) a small, nonpolar molecule like oxygen (O2)

Back 29

D

Front 30

Which of the following crosses lipid bilayers the slowest?A) a sodium ionB) a small, polar molecule like waterC) a large, polar molecule like glucoseD) a small, nonpolar molecule like oxygen (O2)

Back 30

A

Front 31

Which of the following is TRUE of osmosis?
A) Osmosis only takes place in red blood cells.
B) Osmosis is an energy-demanding or "active" process.
C) In osmosis, water moves across a membrane from areas of lower solute concentration to areas ofhigher solute concentration.
D) In osmosis, solutes move across a membrane from areas of lower water concentration to areas ofhigher water concentration.

Back 31

C

Front 32

Celery stalks that are immersed in freshwater for several hours become stiff (swollen). Similarstalks left in a 0.15 M salt solution become limp. From this we can deduce that the freshwater

Back 32

is hypotonic and the salt solution is hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalks

Front 33

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of thefollowing molecules

Back 33

proteins

Front 34

Which of the following contains hydrolytic enzymes?

Back 34

lysosome

Front 35

hydrolytic enzyme definition

Back 35

catalytic proteins that use water to break down substrates

Front 36

When yeast cells are transferred from anaerobic to aerobic growth conditions, which of theseorganelles become much more numerous?A) lysosomesB) Golgi apparatusC) ribosomesD) mitochondria

Back 36

D

Front 37

What is the function of the nuclear pore complex found in eukaryotes?

Back 37

It regulates the movement of proteins and RNAs into and out of the nucleus

Front 38

first law of thermodynamics

Back 38

energy cannot be created nor destroyed

Front 39

A chemical reaction that has a positive ΔG is best described as ________

Back 39

endergonic (nonspontaneous)

Front 40

Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism?

Back 40

Its hydrolysis provides an input of free energy for endergonic reactions

Front 41

The active site of an enzyme is the region that ________.

Back 41

is involved in the catalytic reaction of an enzyme

Front 42

allosteric regulation

Back 42

regulation of an enzyme by binding an effector molecule at a site other than the enzyme's active site

Front 43

competitive inhibition

Back 43

binding of the inhibitor to the active site on the enzyme prevents binding of the substrate and vice versa

Front 44

Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules intosmaller ones

Back 44

catabolism

Front 45

OIL RIG

Back 45

oxidation is the loss of electrons, reduction is the gain of electrons

Front 46

Which of the following statements about NAD+ is TRUE?A) NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle.
B) NAD+ has more chemical energy than NADH.C) NAD+ can donate electrons for use in oxidative phosphorylation.
D) In the absence of NAD+, the citric acid cycle can still function.

Back 46

A

Front 47

Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present orabsent?

Back 47

B

Front 48

In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate ________.

Back 48

two molecules of ATP are used and four molecules of ATP are produced.

Front 49

During cellular respiration, acetyl CoA accumulates in which location?

Back 49

mitochondrial matrix

Front 50

Which electron carrier(s) function in the citric acid cycle?

Back 50

NADH and FADH2

Front 51

The end products of the metabolic pathway are acetyl groupsof acetyl-CoA molecules. These acetyl groups ________.

Back 51

can directly enter the citric acid cycle

Front 52

The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to ________.

Back 52

act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water

Front 53

The energy of electron transport serves to move (translocate) protons to the outer mitochondrialcompartment. How does this help the mitochondrion produce ATP?

Back 53

The translocation of protons sets up the electrochemical gradient that drives ATP synthesis in themitochondria.

Front 54

Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation?A) the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoAB) the citric acid cycleC) oxidative phosphorylationD) glycolysisE) chemiosmosis

Back 54

D

Front 55

In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, resulting in theproduction of ________.

Back 55

ATP, CO2, and ethanol (ethyl alcohol)

Front 56

What is the name of the bond (or linkage) that connects individual mono-saccharides toform a poly-saccharide molecule?
What type of chemical reaction would be responsible forbreaking this bond?

Back 56

glycosidic linkage, hydrolysis

Front 57

functions of carbohydrates in organisms with examples of each

Back 57

-Serve as Precursors to Larger Molecules: Ribose

-is a subunit of DNA and RNAHelp with Cell Identity: Glycoproteins and Glycolipids
-at the cell surfaceProvide Structure: Chitin or Cellulose
-Provide Chemical Energy: Glycogen, Glucose, Starch

Front 58

Which are considered healthier: saturated fats or unsaturated fats? Provide an explanation

Back 58

unsaturated fats are considered healthier due to one or more double bonds that causes them to be "flexible", so they are less likely to clog arteries.

Front 59

What problem associated with a larger size do organelles help overcome?

Back 59

low surface area to volume ratio

Front 60

List two benefits of having organelles

Back 60

Subdivides fluid portion of the cell, Makes chemical reactions more efficient, and separateschemical reactions into different areas.

Front 61

What type of bonds have less potential energy, polar or nonpolar? Why?

Back 61

Polar bonds haveless potential energy. Polar bonds are shorter and stronger. This makes them harder to break.Because they are harder to break their “potential” for releasing energy is less. Theopposite is true for nonpolar bonds.

Front 62

What is the first product produced in The Citric Acid Cycle?

Back 62

citrate

Front 63

citrate is formed from what to reactants

Back 63

Acetyl CoA + Oxaloacetate (Acetyl CoA comes from pyruvate oxidation step)

Front 64

6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy (heat + ATP)

Back 64

cellular respiration

Front 65

6CO2 + 6H20 + energy (sunlight) 6O2 + C6H12O6

Back 65

photosynthesis

Front 66

What is the major role of pyruvate in the process of anaerobic respiration (fermentation)?

Back 66

acts as electron acceptor

Front 67

If your cells are in a hypoxic (low oxygen) environment and fermentation pathways areactivated, what 2 major products would you expect to build up as a result

Back 67

NAD+ and lactic acid

Front 68

Glycolysis: where does it occur? what are its products?

Back 68

cytosol
2 NADH2 ATP2 PyruvatePer 1 Glucose Molecule

Front 69

pyruvate oxidation: where does it occur? what are its products?

Back 69

mitochondrial matrix
2 NADH2 Acetyl CoAPer 1 Glucose

Front 70

citric acid cycle: where does it occur? what are its products?

Back 70

mitochondrial matrix
6 NADH2 FADH2 ATPPer 1 Glucose

Front 71

Which of the following does NOT occur during mitosis?A) condensation of the chromosomesB) replication of the DNAC) separation of sister chromatidsD) spindle formationE) separation of the spindle poles

Back 71

B

Front 72

If a cell has accumulated DNA damage, it is unlikely to ________.A) pass the G2 checkpointB) activate DNA repair mechanismsC) enter G1 frommitosisD) undergo apoptosis

Back 72

A

Front 73

Aftertelophase I of meiosis, the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell is________.

Back 73

haploid, and the chromosomes of each are composed of two chromotids

Front 74

Sisterchromatids separate from each other during ________.

Back 74

mitosis and meiosis II

Front 75

Whenwe first see chiasmata under a microscope, we know that ________.

Back 75

prophase I is occurring

Front 76

Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of ________.

Back 76

the random way chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate during meiosis one

Front 77

What is the most common source of the extra chromosome 21 inan individual with Down syndrome?

Back 77

non disjunction in the mother

Front 78

The individual with genotype AaBbCCDdEE can make manykinds of gametes. Which of the following is the major reason?

Back 78

the different possible assortment of chromosomes into gametes

Front 79

Mendel'sobservation of the segregation of alleles in gamete formation has its basis inwhich of the following phases of cell division?

Back 79

anaphase 1 of meiosis

Front 80

In trying to determine whether DNA or protein is the genetic material, Hersheyand Chase made use of which of the following facts

Back 80

DNA contains phosphorus, while protein does not

Front 81

DNAis synthesized through a process known as ________.

Back 81

semiconservative replication

Front 82

semiconservative replication

Back 82

produces two copies that each contained one of the original strands and one new strand

Front 83

conservative replication

Back 83

would leave the two original template DNA strands together in a double helix and would produce a copy composed of two new strands containing all of the new DNA base pairs.

Front 84

The leading and the lagging strands differ in that ________.

Back 84

A) the leading strand is synthesized in the same direction as the movement of the replication fork, and the lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite direction

Front 85

Which of the following help(s) to hold the DNA strands apartwhile they are being replicated?

Back 85

single stranded DNA binding proteins

Front 86

Ineukaryotic cells, transcription cannot begin until ________.

Back 86

several transcription factors have bound to the promoter

Front 87

The primary function of RNA polymerase II is transcriptionof ________.

Back 87

protein coding genes

Front 88

The mRNA is smaller than the length of the DNA that codesfor it because ________.

Back 88

post-transcriptional modification removes the introns

Front 89

Once a peptide bond has been formed between the amino acidattached to the tRNA in the P site and the amino acid associated with the tRNAin the A site, what what is the next step for these tRNAs?

Back 89

translocation

Front 90

Codonsare part of the molecular structure of ________.

Back 90

mRNA

Front 91

If the sequence in the coding strand of DNA for a particularamino acid is 5'AGT3', then the anticodon on the corresponding tRNA would be________.

Back 91

5'ACU3'

Front 92

homologous chromosomes

Back 92

chromosomes that have thesame genes in the same position and are the same size andshape.

Front 93

sister chromatids

Back 93

Sister chromatids are two identical chromatid copiesin a replicated chromosome.

Front 94

codominance

Back 94

equal expression of both dominant genes (can result in speckling)

Front 95

incomplete dominance

Back 95

occurs when one specific trait is not completely expressed over a paired allele (ex: pink roses)

Front 96

Central Dogma of Molec. Bio

Back 96

DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into protein after going through RNA processing

Front 97

which enzyme is the workhorse of transcription? Where would this enzyme be most active?

Back 97

RNA polymerase, nucleus

Front 98

two things that need to happen to immature RNA before translation:

Back 98

processing, caps and introns need to be removed

Front 99

two hypothesis of genetics at Mendel's time:

Back 99

blending & inheritance of acquired traits