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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Segregation
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Two members of a gene pair segregate from each other in the formation of gametes. Half the gametes carry one allele and the other half carry the other
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Independent assortment
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Genes for different traits sort independently of one another in the formation of gametes
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Character vs. Trait
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Character: heritable feature that various among individuals
Trait: the variations of that feature |
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Incomplete Dominance
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A form of inheritance in which one allele is not completely dominant over the other
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Codominance
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Both allele for a trait are dominant
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Pleiotropy
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One gene affects multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits
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Epistasis
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Consists of the effect of one gene being dependent on the presence of one or more modifier genes
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Polygenic Inheritance
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Multiple gene inheritance
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Pedigree
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The record of descent of an animal, showing it to be purebred
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Recessive inherited disorder
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Needs two genes to be present
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Histone
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Proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order DNA into structural units called nucleosomes
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Nucleosomes
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Basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound in sequence around eight histone protein cores
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Looped Domain
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Present in bacterial chromosomes as a way of packaging a massive chromosome into a small space
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Chromatid
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Each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division
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Chargaff's Rules
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State that DNA from any cell of all organisms should have a 1:1 ration of pyrimidine and purine bases and that the amount of guanine is equal to cytosine and the amount of adenine is equal to thymine
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Rosalind Franklin
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Helix
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Watson and Crick
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DNA model
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DNA replication
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Begins at origins of replication where two strands are separated, opening up a replication bubble
Free-floating nucleotides attach to parent rungs Strands elongate Proteins help |
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Origin of Replication
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Where replication is initiated
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Replication Bubble
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A portion of the DNA molecule that has opened, providing a site for two replication forks
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Replication fork
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The point at which two strands of DNA are separated to allow replication of each strand
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Helicase
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Enzymes that bind and may even remodel nucleic acid or nucleic acid protein complexes
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Single-stranded binding proteins
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A class of protein they have been identified in both viruses and organisms from bacteria to humans
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Topoisomerase
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An enzyme that alters the supercoiled form of a DNA molecule
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Primase
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An enzyme involved in the replication of DNA, creates an rna primer
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DNA polymerase I
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Replicates the base sequence of a template DNA strand
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DNA polymerase III
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Prokaryotic
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Dna ligase
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Facilitates the joining of dna strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond
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Okazaki Fragments
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Short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand
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Telomeres
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Compound structure at end of chromosome
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Why from genes to proteins
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Genes contain coded formula needed by the cell to produce proteins.
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Rna
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Bridge between genes and proteins for which they code
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mRNA
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Carries messages in series of codons
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tRNA
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Translates message by transferring AA from cytoplasmic pool to a growing polypeptide chain
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Codons
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Flow of info from gene to protein is based on a triplet code
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Reading frame
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Correct groupings
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Transcription
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DNA-directed synthesis of rna
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RNA POLYMERASE
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Pries DNA strands apart and hooks together RNA nucleotides
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Promoter
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DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches
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Terminator
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DNA sequence signals stop
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Transcription unit
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Stretch of DNA that is transcribed
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Three Stages of Transcription
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Initiation
Elongation Termination |
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Translation
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RNA-directed synthesis of polypeptide
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tRNA
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Translator from nucleic acid codon to amino acid
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Anticodon
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Three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule
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P Site
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Holds tRNA THAT carries the growing polypeptide chain
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A Site
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Holds the tRNA THAT carries best amino acid to be added to chain
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E Site
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Exit site where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome
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Three important components of evolution by natural selection
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Variation
Variation is heritable Variation leads to differential survival and reproduction |
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5 agents of evolutionary change
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Mutations
Genetic Drift Gene flow Non-random mating Natural selection |
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Bottleneck/founders effect
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Genetic Drift can cause big losses of genetic variation for small populations
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Sexual Dimorphism
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Distinct difference in size or appearance between sexes of an animal in addition to difference between sexual organs themselves
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Main sources of genetic variation
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Mutations. Gene flow
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