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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
3 differences between protosomes and deuterosomes |
Determinate Development: in protosomes each embryonic cell has a predetermined fate concerning what type of tissue it will become; in deutoerosomes any of the first few cells can develop into the organism Fate of Blastopore: in protosomes the mouth develops from blastopore, in deuterosomes the anus develops. Formation of the Coelom: In protosomes, the cells move away from one another as the coelomic cavity expands. In deuterosomes, whole groups of cells move around to form new tissue associations.
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3 hypotheses for the origin of metazoans from single-celled protists |
Multinucleate Hypothesis: suggests that metazoans arose from a multinuclear protist and the cells later became compartmentalized into the multi-cellular condition. Colonial Flagellate Hypothesis: metazoans arose from colonial protists, hollow, spherical colonies of flagellated cells. Polyphyletic Origin Hypothesis: proposes that sponges evolved in dependently from eumetazoans. |
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2 ways that sponges reproduce |
Fragmentation: asexual reproduction where a new sponge grows from a fragment. Sexual Reproduction: most sponges can produce eggs and sperm, and most are hermaphrodites (both male and female). |
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Cnidaria examples |
Jelly fish, anemones, coral |
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Cnidaria characteristics |
Nearly all are marine and have a gelatinous composition. They have distinct tissues but they still lack organs. They are carnivorous and tend to be sessile, capturing prey with tentacles that ring around their mouths. |
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Ctenophora examples |
Comb Jellies |
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Ctenophora characteristics |
Tend to be more structurally complex than cnidarians. They have plates of fused cilia that look like combs which are used for locomotion and can be bioluminescent. |
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Platyhelmenthes examples |
Flatworms, tapeworms, planaria |
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Platyhelmenthes characteristics |
Ribbon-shaped, soft bodied animals which are mostly parasitic but can be free living in marine and freshwater, and moist places on land. Lack digestive systems or have an incomplete gut (has only one opening) where internal cells digest via phagocytosis). Have an excretory system composed of fine tubules that run throughout the body lined with flame cells. Some have nerve chords but most have a nerve net. Have eye spots which can distinguish between light and dark. Most are hermaphroditic and self fertilize, some divide to create new offspring |
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Nemertea examples |
Ribbon worms |
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Nemertea characteristics |
Simplest animals that possess a digestive system with a separate mouth and anus. Have internal proboscis which can be forced out quickly to capture prey. Have a circulatory system. |
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Nematoda examples |
Roundworms |
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Nematoda characteristics |
Found in marine and freshwater and are parasitic on plants or animals. Some live in soil. Cause disease (trichinosis from eating undercooked pork, and filariasis which causes elephantitis). |
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Rotifera examples |
Rotifers |
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Rotifera characteristics |
Very small, complex bodies and highly developed internal organs. Aquatic animals that propell themselves with cilia. |
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Cycliophora examples |
Cycliophora |
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Cycliophora characteristics |
Small creatures with a circular mouth surrounded by a ring of fine, hairlike cilia that live on the mouth parts of lobsters |
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Hydrozoa |
Portuguese Man-of-war, hydra |
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scyphozoa |
Jellyfish |
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Cubozoa |
Box Jellyfish |
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Anthozoa |
Sea anemones, corals |
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Turbellaria |
Planaria |
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Tremotoda |
Flukes, liver fluke, schistosoma |
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Cestoda |
Tapeworms |
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Phylum Mollusca |
Snails, slugs, clams, scallops, oysters, cuttlefish, octopuses. They are bilaterally symmetrical. Have a Visceral mass (digestive, excretory and reproductive organs are centralized here), Foot or tentacles. Mantle secretes the shell, may act as a lung. Gills are rich in blood, increase area for gas exchange. Radula: rasping, tonguelike organ used for feeding. Circulatory system is open, including a heart. Reproductive: can be hermaphrodites but most are male and female. Most use external fertilization to reproduce releasing gametes into the water but gastropods have internal fertilization. |
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Annelida |
Repeated segments: ringlike segments divided by septa allowing the worm to move in complex ways. Specialized segments: anterior segments house the sensory organs, some are sensitive to light, some have a brain. Connections: although the segments are separated materials and information can pass between them |
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Arthropoda |
The most successful phylum of all animals. They can have enormous ecological and economic importance through pollination, crop damage, herbivores and causing disease. Have jointed appendages, an exoskeleton, compound eye, open circulatory system. Nervous system: double chain of segmented ganglia. Respiratory system: carries oxygen to their tissues, breathe through spiracles. Excretory system: composed of Malphagian tubules allowing secretions to be eliminated. |
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Echinodermata |
Deuterosome marine animals with "spiny skin." Endoskeleton composed of calcium rich plates called ossicles. Tube feet: part of the watervascular system (hydraulic system used for feeding and movement). Madreporite: sievelike plate on the surface through which water enters the watervascular system. |
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Polyplacophora |
Chitons |
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Gastropoda |
Snails and slugs |
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bivalvia |
Clams, scallops, mussels and oysters |
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cephalopoda |
octopuses, squids and nautiluses |
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Polychaeta |
scale worms, bristle worms, featherduster worms |
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Oligochaeta |
Earthworm |
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Hirudinea |
Leeches |
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Crustacea |
crabs, shrimps, lobsters, crayfish |
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Arachnida |
Spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions |
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Asteroidea |
sea stars (starfish) |
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Ophiuroidea |
brittle stars |
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Echinoidea |
sea urchins and sand dollars |
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Crinoidea |
sea lilies and feather stars |
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Holothuroidea |
Sea cucumbers |
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Decapoda |
Shrimp, lobster, crabs |
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Cirripedia |
Barnacles |
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Difference between centipede and millipede |
Centipede has two legs per segment, millipede has four |
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Nonvertebrate Chordates |
Have a notochord but no backbone: Tunicates (subphylum Urochordata). No major body cavity or visible segmentation. Filter feeders. Larval stage is only stage that has notochord Lancelets (subphylum Cephalochordata). Scaleless fishlike marine chordates with notochord running throughout the length of the dorsal nerve chord, which they have their entire lives. |
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5 characteristics of vertebrates |
Vertebral column: notochord gets replaced by vertebral column that encloses and protects dorsal nerve chord. Head: Vertebrates have a distinct head with a brain, fully encased in skull or cranium. Neural crest: unique group of embryonic cells that contribute to the development of many vertebrate structures. Internal organs: the liver, kidneys and endocrine glands are characteristic of vertebrates. Endoskeleton: can be made of cartilage or bone |
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5 characteristics of fish |
Vertebral column: internal skeleton with bony or cartilaginous spine and skull. Jaws and paired appendages: except agnatha, all fish have jaws and paired fins Gills: fish extract dissolved oxygen by directing water flow through their gills which are rich in blood vessels Single loop circulation: blood is pumped from the heart to the tills where it goes to the rest of the body, then returns to heart. Nutritional deficiencies: unable to synthesize the aromatic amino acids so they must get them from diet |
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5 characteristics of amphibians |
Legs: key adaptation to living on land Cutaneous Respiration: supplement the use of lungs by breathing through the moist skin Lungs: most have a pair of lungs Partially Divided Heart: amphibians have a wall dividing aerated and nonaerated blood but the 3rd chamber has no dividing walls. |
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Chelonia |
Turtles and tortoises |
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Squamata |
lizards and snakes |
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Crocodilia |
Crocodiles and alligators |
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Mammals |
bats, duck billed platypus, kangaroo, koala, primates |
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Different physical shapes to deal with different environments |
Fusiform (tapered at both ends) to decrease drag on fast moving fish Dermal denticles on sharks reduce drag. Small size if they have an exoskeleton made of chitin, unless aquatic because of buoyancy. |
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Hydrostatic skeleton |
Found in soft bodied invertebrates. Consists of a fluid-filled cavity surrounded by muscle fibers |
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Exoskeleton |
Surround the body as a rigid, hard casing. Found in insects/crustaceans. Provides protection for internal organs and attachment sites for muscles |
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Endoskeleton |
Found in vertebrates and echinoderms. Rigid internal skeletons to which muscles are attached |
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Large animal Locomotion |
Tend to move by appendicular locomotion |
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Aquatic locomotion |
Undulating, flapping, and changing shape through hydrostatic pressure |
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Land animal locomotion |
walking, running, leaping, slithering, and peristaltic movement |
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Flight as locomotion: |
Birds, insects, bats and pterosaurs use flight as locomotion |
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4 variations that can exist in vertebrate digestive systems related to their diet |
Insectivores have a short intestine with no cecum. Carnivores have a short intestine and colon, and small cecum. Nonruminant Herbivores: simple stomach, large cecum. Ruminant Herbivore: 4-chambered stomach with a long small and large intestine and pronounced rumen |
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Functions of the vertebrate circulatory system Transportation: |
All substances essential for cellular metabolism are transported by the circulatory system via Respiratory: red blood cells allow for attachment of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Nutritive: absorbed particles from digestion get transported to cells and other parts of the body Excretory: metabolic wastes, excessive water ions and other substances are filtered and excreted through urine |
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Functions of the vertebrate circulatory system Regulation |
Cardiovascular system transports hormones and aids in temperature regulation |
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Functions of the vertebrate circulatory system Protection |
The circulatory system can protect against injury and foreign microbes or toxins introduced into the body |
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Path of blood flow through the circulatory system |
Right atrium --> Right ventricle --> pulmonary trunk --> lungs --> pulmonary veins --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> aorta |
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Respiration in fish |
Gills enable far more oxygen extraction from water. Gills of bony fishes: located between buccal cavity (mouth) and opercular cavity (beneath operculum). Water is brought into the mouth by lowering the jaw & floor of the mouth, then passed over the gills where gas exchange occurs. |
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Respiration in Amphibians |
Fill their buccal cavity with air, close their nostrils and elevate the floor of the buccal cavity. This forces the air into the lungs. This is supplemented by cutaneous respiration. |
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Respiration in Reptiles |
Expand their rib cages by muscular contraction which takes air into their lungs |
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Respiration in Mammals |
Occurs by taking air into the mouth through the larynx to the trachea. It passes into bronchi which branch into bronchioles. Lungs are lined with alveoli (air filled sacs that have the surface area for gas exchange). |
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Respiration in birds |
Occurs in a unidirectional flow through parabronchi, which occurs in two cycles. They have two sets of air sacs (anterior and posterior) which allows air to flow in and out without mixing. |