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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Describe genotype Vs. pheotype of an individual organism
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Genotype is the genetic makeup, and phenotype is the measurable, physical traits. The genontype determines the phenotype.
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definition of allele
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variant form of a gene
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definition gene pool
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total # of genes in a population at any one time
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definition of "gene flow"
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genetic exchange due to migration of fertile individuals or gametes b/n populations
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p+q=1....what do p and q stand for?
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Different gene alleles.
p=A q=a |
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Homozygous
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having a pair of identical alleles for a gene locus
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Heterozygous
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having two different alles at a gene locus
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Heterozygous
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having two different alles at a gene locus
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Dominant
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fully expressed in the phenotype
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recessive
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not expressed in the phenotype
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codominant
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different alleles both affect the phenotype in different ways
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A geneticist would consider evolution as
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a change in the gentic composition of a population's allele frequency over time
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gene pool
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all the alleles that exist in a population for a particular gene or sets of genes
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Hardy Weinberg Principle
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Alle frequencies remain constant in succeeding generations as long as no evolutionary change occurs
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Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium
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allele frequencies do not change between generations.
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Hardy Weinberg Assumptions
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1)There is no selection
2)There is no mutation 3)There is no migration 4)Population is large 5)Mating is random |
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Mendel's Law of segregation
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hereditary units are passed on unaltered between generations
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Locus
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site on a chromosome
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Two types of Variability
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Discrete and continuous
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Discrete variation
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2 or several distinct types
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Continuous variation
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many intermediate phenotypes between extremes
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Sources of variability
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Genetic Recombination
Mutations |
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Genetic Recombination
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formation in the offspring of gene combinations not found in either parents
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Mutation
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A change in the base sequence of DNA
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Key point of Mutation
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New alleles originate only by mutation
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Nucleotide bases
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Adenine A
Guanine G Thymine T Cytosine C |
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Nucleotide bases
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Adenine A
Guanine G Thymine T Cytosine C |
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Codon
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set of 3 nucleotide bases, coding for a particular amino acid (via tRNA)
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Point Mutations
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Substitution of single base pair
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Transition Mutation
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A switch between the purines
purine-->purine (A-->G) |
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Transversion Mutation
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less common, type of mutation, switch between purine and pynmidine
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True or False:
Mutation in directed by the environment |
False. environmental factors can indude mutations but these are not necessarily adaptive
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Influences on mutation rates
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radiation
chemical mutagens poor nutrition |
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Fossils
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any trace left by an organism that lived in the past
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Paleontology
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the study of fossils
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Fossil Categories
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Compression and impression
Permineralized Casts and Molds Unaltered remains (rare) |
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Types of Bias in fossil record
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Geographic
Taxonomic Temporal |
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Examples of Geographic fossil record
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Aquatic habitats favored
Lowland plains |
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Taxonomic
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most animal phyla lack hard parts, bone or shell
phyla inhibiting marine or swamp environments favored |
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Temporal
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old sedimentary rocks are rare
metamorphosis of rocks destroys fossils |
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Compression and impression fossils
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burial prior to decomposition
2-dimensional |
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Permineralized fossils
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minerals precipitate into cells
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Casts and molds
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remains decay/dissolve away
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Casts
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new material fills space
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Molds
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space left unfilled
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Unaltered remains (rare)
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decomposition is incomplete
Anaerobic conditions |
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Two types of reconstructive dating techniques
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Relative dating
Absolute dating |
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Relative dating
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strata nearer the surface are younger than deeper strata
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Absolute dating
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some elements exist naturally
isotopes are incorporated into organisms in this "background ratio Unstable isotopes decay at a fixed rate. |
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Three parts of Geologic Time scale
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Cenzoic
Mesozoic Paleozoic |
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meaning of phanerozoic
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physical life
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types of animals in Paleozoic level
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Aquatic animals are in ________ level
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types of animals in the mesozoic level
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reptiles
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types of animals in the cenozoic level
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Birds and mammals are in the ________level
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What causes transitions in fossil record?
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diversification of certain taxonomic groups
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what factors allow for transitions in fossil records?
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Environmental change
Extinctions |
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gene flow
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movement of alleles between populations
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genetic drift
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random changes in allele frequency from one generation to the next
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taxonomy
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science of identifying and naming taxa
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father of taxonomy
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carl linnaeus
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morphology
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physical structure of an organism
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Lumpers
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group animals into species
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Spliters
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split species apart
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Morphological species concept
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species based on morphology
similar organisms likely to be related "type specimen" = ideal of species |
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Convergent evolution
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similarity between unrelated species that result from independent evolutionary change in response to similar environmental conditions
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Placental mammals
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baby born when developed
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Australian marsupials
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baby develops in the pouch
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Biological Species concept
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species are potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups.
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Why evolutionary force is prevented between species
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Gene flow
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barriers to gene flow
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Prezygotic barriers
Postzygotic barriers |
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definition: Prezygotic barriers
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reduce likelyhood of hybrid zygotes
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definition: postzygotic barriers
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reduce fitness of hybrid zygotes
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Examples of Prezygotic barriers
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Habitat
Temporal Behavioral Mechanical Gametic |
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Habitat (prezygotic barrier)
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when two species live in two different places preventing them to breed
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Temporal (prezygotic barrier)
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related insects separated/isolated because of season
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behavioral (prezygotic barrier)
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most important barrier w/animals. courtship and mate choice
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mechanical (prezygotic barriers)
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different species cannot mate and transfer sperm
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gametic (prezygotic barrier)
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important for externally fertilized animals. sperm and egg are not compatible
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isolating mechanisms
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prevent gene flow and prevent mating or union of sperm and egg
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Postzygotic barriers
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hybrid inviability
hybrid sterility hybrid breakdown |
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hybric inviability
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when zygote seperates and dies at gastula stage
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hybrid sterility
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often one sex is sterile
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hybrid breakdown
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1st generation is sterile
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Phylogenetic Species Concept
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based on evolutionary history
any cluster that includes a common ancestor and all decendants |
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Speciation
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evolution of reproductive isolation within an ancestral species
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Cladogenesis
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Another name for speciation
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Modes of Speciation
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Allopatric
Sympatric |
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Allopatric
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Species get seperated, they adapt to new situation and environment and they come together again....but according to BSC they cannot breed
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Sympatric speciation
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seperation by ecological factors...ex:living in different trees/flowers
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animal behavior
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what an animal does and how it does it
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2 components of behavior and examples
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Genetic (nature)
* Innate behavior Environmental (nurture) * Learning |
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definition: innate behavior
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developmentally fixed
e.g begging in nestling birds |
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definition: learning
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behavior modified by experience
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Is animal behavior Nature or Nurture?
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Animal behavior is both nature and nurture
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fixed action pattern
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sequence of behavioral acts that is unchangeable
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Explaination of an organism's success in life
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some organisms do a little better than others it's not a live or die situation
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Company comparison of living
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organisms are like a company...everything they do has costs and benefits
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"company profits"
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# of offspring can be considered to this in the company organism analogy
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company balance sheet
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fitness can be compared to this in the organism company analogy
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Types of interactions
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Cooperation
Selfish Altruism Spite |
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def: coorperation
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actor benefits & recipient benefits
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def: selfish
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actor benefits & recipient is harmed
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def: spite
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actor is harmed & recipient is harmed
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def: Altruism
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actor is harmed & recipient is benefited
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def: social interactions
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interactions between individuals of the same species
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Hypothesis for evolution of altruism
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Individual advantage
Kin selection Reciprocal altruism |
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def: and founder of Kin selection
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average proportion of genes of individual A that are present also in individaul B.
W.D Hamilton 1964 |
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Kin selection
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natural selection based on indirect fitness gains
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2 components of fitness
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Direct and Indirect fitness
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def: direct fitness
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personal reproduction
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def: indirect fitness
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additional reproduction by relatives made possible by an individual's actions
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