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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
pelycosaurs
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extinct in the end of permian
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permian period ended with
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mass extinction
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pelycosaurs back structure made of
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vertebrae (spine)
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the back structure of the pelycosaurs were used for
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thermoregulation
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group that made it through the permian extinction
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therapsids
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therapsids have this characteristic
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pentadactyly
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pentadactyly means
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5 digits
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primative group that led to mammals
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therapsids
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therapsids legs are located
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unnder the body so it will support instead of suspend it
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heterodont dentition
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incisors
canine premolars and molars |
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incisors are used for
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chiseling
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canine are used for
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ripping
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premolars and molars are used for
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grinding
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in the ear there are 3
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ossicles
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ossicles
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malleus
incus stepes |
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endothermy
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warm blooded
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hair
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extention of the endoderm
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milk
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made in body
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monotremes
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echidnas and platypus
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monotremes give birth by
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oviparous
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oviparous
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egg laying
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monotremes have a ____ for waste
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cloaca
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cloaca
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disposes gastrointestinal and urinary intestinal
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metatheria
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marsupials
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marsupials
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kangaroo
koala tasmanian devil wombat tylacine opposum |
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marsupials all have
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marsupia
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marsupia
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pouch
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marsupials give birth
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to embryo-->finds way to pouch-->attaches to nipple/mammary gland-->finishes growing for a year
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marsupials are found mostly
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in australia because it is isolated
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Eutheria
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placental mammals
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2 groups of primates
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prosimians
anthropoids |
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prosimians
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organisms that are primates but more primative that anthropoids
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prosimians contain
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lemurs and lorises
tarsiers |
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lemurs are found
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only in madagascar
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lorises are found
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only in africa and SE asia
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tarsiers
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in group with lemur and lorises but dont really have a group
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anthropoids contain
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new world monkeys
old world monkeys homonoids |
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new world monkeys are also called
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platyrrhines
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platyrrhines
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flat noses
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new world monkeys are found
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central and south america
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old world monkeys are found
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africa and asia
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difference between monkeys and apes
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monkeys have a tail
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homonoids conatin
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the great apes
humans |
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the great apes contain
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chimpanzes
orangatang gorilla lesser apes |
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chimpanze and gorilla are found
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africa
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orangatang and lesser apes are found
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SE asia
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humans best fossils were found
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in african rift valley
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1st adaption of humans
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bipedalism
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bipedalism
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walking on two legs
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why it is difficult for a human to give birth
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bipedalism, our pelvis is made differently
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7.5 mya fossils were found for oldest relative
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sahelanthropus tehadensis
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first one of our genus
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homo habilis
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homo habilis means
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handy man
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home erectus is the ____ of our genus
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2nd
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homo erectus was found
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asia and europe
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the 3rd of our genus is
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homo neanderthalensis
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homo neanderthalensis believe to dissapear because
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early humans breeded with them and wiped them out
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homo sapien (archaic) differ from homo sapien(modern)
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have brow ridges
slopping skull no chin |
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homo sapien (modern) evolved
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in africa and migrated to europe and asia
-out of africa hypothesis |
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the density of population is the
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size of a population
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what increases population size
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immigration and birth
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what decreases population size
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emigration and mortality
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the intrinsic rate of population increase is calculated by this equation
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r=(b+i)-(d+e)
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exponential growth graph looks like
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a J
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exponential growth is shown by the equation
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dN/dt=1.0N
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logistic growth graph looks like
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an S
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logistic growth is represented by the equation
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dN/dt=1.0N(1000-N/1000)
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logistic growth is alter fro exponential growth because
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K- carrying capacity
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carrying capacity is
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anything that limits population growth
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r-selected group characteristics
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fluctuating environments
early reproduction many offspring per year little/no parental care |
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r-selected group is based on ____ data
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quantity
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k-selected group characteristics
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predictable environment
delay maturation few offspring per event parental care |
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k-selected group is based on ____ data
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quality
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affecting birthrates
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pop. den. goes up
birth rate goes down |
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affecting birth rate
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pop. den. goes up
death rate goes up increase in predatation |
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affecting birth and death rates
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pop den goes up
birth goes down death goes up |
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density independent
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ex. hurricane
natural disasters |
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population cycles
(predator vs. prey) |
when prey goes up it is followed by an increase in the predator population
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human population growth
(ancestors) |
early-vegetarians
later-hunter-gathers |
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human population expanded from
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africa
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homo sapiens shift from hunter-gathers to
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domestication of plants and animals
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how many years ago did we switch to domestication
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10,000 years ago
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domestication changed
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K
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industrial revolution was in the
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late 18th century
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in the 19th and 20th century what advances happened?
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medical
decreases mortality |
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did human population grow with exponential growth or logistic growth
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exponential
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what mass decreases in human population happened?
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bubonic plague "black death"
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population is a group of
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the same species living in the same area
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communities is a group of
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populations of different species
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the three community ecologies
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competition
predation symbiosis |
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competition is
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all species compete with one another as well as within a species
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competition is positive, negative, or non effective for the parties
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negative for both, they are busy competing instead of making babies
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predation is
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prey vs. predator
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predation is positive negative or non effective
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positive for one party and negative for the other
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symbiosis is
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a mutual relationship
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symbiosis is positive, negative or non effective
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either both positive or one positive and one non effective
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intraspecific
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within species
compete for mate |
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an intraspecific competition of a male lizard
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puffs up throat to tell other males not to come to his area
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dominance hierarchies
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alpha male and alpha female
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how does the dominance hierarchy get their positions
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aggression and actual fighting
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in dominance hierarchy who breeds
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alphas are the only ones that breed
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dominance hierarchy lessens and greatens competition
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lessens
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interspecific
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resources(food, place to live)
between species |
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Ecological niche
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an organisms job
what resources it needs and how it uses them |
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a fundamental niche
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resources an organism could use if it was by itself and not competing
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a realized niche
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resources an organism does use because it is not alone and is competing
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a subdivided environment
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one species lives in canopy of tree
one species lives on the bark on species lives on the ground never come in contact never compete |
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is predation always successful?
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not always
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herbivores are
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predators to plants
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parasites are
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predators, they dont always kill their host but they cause negative effects
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nutrient cycling
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has to do with biodeochemical cycles
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biogeochemical cycles
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water
carbon nitrogen |
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water cycle
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evaporation
condensation precipitation ground water |
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transpiration
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water returning to the gaseous state off of living organisms
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nitrogen makes up
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78% of the atmosphere
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nitrogen fixation
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nitrogen gas converted to be used by organisms by cyanobacteria
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NH3 and NO3 is picked up by
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algae and plants
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dentrifying microbes
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make NH3 and NO3 make into N2
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soil microbes
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NH3 and NO3 in the soil goes into the plant rots
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CO2 takes up
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0.03% of the atmosphere
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