Bio Exam 3 Questions

Front 1

The discovery of the fossilized remains of archaeopteryx in 1860 led to the beginning of the hypothesis of birds being closely related to

Back 1

Dinosaurs

Front 2

Fossils may be

Back 2

From impressions left after an organism decays, formed as organic matter is replaced by minerals, turning to stone, formed when plant resin or tar preserves the specimen and casts from footprints that have filled with mud and then turned to stone.

Front 3

Relative dating uses ________________ to estimate how old a fossil is

Back 3

Depth with rock layers

Front 4

Absolute dating uses ________________ to estimate how old a fossil is

Back 4

Radioactive isotopes

Front 5

If an isotopes half/life is 100 years

Back 5

In 100 years only half of the atoms in a sample of that isotope will remain

Front 6

Earth once consisted of a single large landmass and one ocean. The landmass is named

Back 6

Pangaea

Front 7

If similarities between two structures in different organisms reflect common ancestry, these structures are

Back 7

Homologous

Front 8

If a structure has no apparent function in one species, yet is homologous to a functional organ in another species, this structure is termed.

Back 8

Vestigial

Front 9

The wing of a bat and a bird are examples of

Back 9

Analogous structures

Front 10

The order in which these species are most similar to humans is

Back 10

Rhesus monkey, pigeon, fruit fly

Front 11

If many genes from two species differ in about 2% of their bases and substitutions occur at an estimated rate of 2% per one million years then

Back 11

About 1 million years have passed since the two species diverged

Front 12

The type of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated due to the sperm cells of one not being able to recognize the egg cells of the other is

Back 12

Gametic isolation (separated eggs)

Front 13

Polyploidy is (plants)

Back 13

Common in plant species more than 2 sets of chromosomes

Front 14

A tetraploid (four sets of chromosomes) plant species would normally be ________________ whereas a plant species with three sets of chromosomes would normally be ________________. This is due to whether or not meiosis may be completed correctly.

Back 14

Fertile, infertile

Front 15

Centime/thin layers of earth that are rich in iridium give evidence to support the layer found in meteorites

Back 15

Impact theory

Front 16

MtDNA represents DNA only from the mother’s lineage because

Back 16

Sperm cells usually do not donate mitochondria to eggs during fertilization

Front 17

Which of the following is an example of macroevolution

Back 17

The origin of horses and donkeys from a common ancestry

Front 18

What is microevolution?

Back 18

Change in alleles frequencies from one generation to the next

Front 19

A sterile mule is produced by mating a horse and a donkey. From this observation you could conclude:

Back 19

That horses and donkeys are different species but same ancestor

Front 20

Bacteria cannot be classified using the biological definition of a species for which reason?

Back 20

Bacteria are asexual. Cannot have sex but they mix genes.

Front 21

If a sheep and goat are mated. Their offspring dies as an embryo. This is an example of ________________

Back 21

Post zygotic zygote was already made

Front 22

Some flowers bloom in the spring while others bloom in the summer. This is an example of ________________

Back 22

Pre zygotic no baby has been made

Front 23

Scientists have a very complete fossil record showing the evolution of horses over millions of years, with the legs becoming longer and the teeth larger as ancestors of the modern horse adapted from living in forest to grasslands. This is an example of ________________

Back 23

Gradualism

Front 24

Conservation biologists are often concerned that when the population size of an endangered species becomes too small it is at risk of extinction for which reason?

Back 24

They may be more susceptible to changes in the environment or disease

Front 25

Clues from geology and paleontology suggest that simple cells or their precursors arose about

Back 25

Three to four billion years ago

Front 26

Stanley miller’s first prebiotic simulation experiment showed that under the right conditions, oparins ancient atmosphere could allow for the formation of

Back 26

Amino acids

Front 27

It is thought that the first multicellular organisms arose about

Back 27

1.2 billion years ago

Front 28

Evidence supporting the idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts in present/day cells originated as independent organisms includes.

Back 28

Similarities in DNA sequences between mitochondrial and bacterial genomes, similarities in size and shaped between mitochondria and some prokaryotes, similarity between photosynthetic pigments in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria and similarity in the way mitochondria, chloroplasts, and prokaryotes reproduce.

Front 29

The “Cambrian explosion” refers to

Back 29

The appearance of fossils for all major phyla of animals

Front 30

Characteristics shared by primates include

Back 30

Flat nails instead of claws, grasping hands with opposable thumbs, stereoscopic vision and excellent depth perception and large brain size in comparison to body size.

Front 31

Our closest living relatives on the evolutionary tree are

Back 31

Chimpanzees

Front 32

Why do scientists hypothesize that RNA was the first form of genetic material

Back 32

RNA can catalyze reactions and store genetic information

Front 33

How is the ability of phospholipids to spontaneously form membranes when placed in water important in the origin of life on earth?

Back 33

Membranes are used by cells to isolate their contents from the environment

Front 34

Two bacteria (a and b) can metabolize glucose. Bacteria A has an enzyme that will convert fructose into glucose and bacteria B cannot. Why bacteria A have a survival advantage over bacteria B?

Back 34

The enzyme increases the potential food supply of bacteria A

Front 35

Mitochondria evolved before chloroplasts based on which observation?

Back 35

All eukaryotes have mitochondria, but not chloroplasts

Front 36

Chloroplasts arose by endocytosis of

Back 36

A photosynthetic bacteria

Front 37

How could an asteroid hitting the Yucatan peninsula in what is now Central America cause a worldwide mass extinction?

Back 37

By blocking the sun and inhibiting photosynthesis

Front 38

The carbon dioxide released from burning coal or oil comes from which of the following

Back 38

Carbon dioxide fixed by plants during photosynthesis

Front 39

By comparing the sequences of human and chimpanzee DNA sequences, scientist may be able to answer which of the following questions – Which genes control the ability to speak

Front 40

The transcription factor FOXP2 has two mutations in humans that are not found in chimps. This transcription factor regulates the expression of genes that allow humans to speak. This is consistent with which hypothesis to account for the differences between humans and chimps?

Back 40

Human and chimp proteins are essentially the same, but are turned on and off at different times

Front 41

A preparation that “teaches” the immune system to recognize a disease causing agent without actually causing diseased is termed a

Back 41

Vaccination

Front 42

A molecule that stimulates an immune system reaction by B cells and T cells is termed a

Back 42

Antigen antibody generator

Hint 42

A phagocyte is a

Front 43

Physical and chemical barriers that form the first line of innate defense include

Back 43

The acidity of the stomach, tear fluid from the eye, an unpunctured skin and mucu and cilia of the respiratory tract

Front 44

The innate chemical substance produced by basonphils that causes blood vessels to dilate is

Back 44

Histamine

Front 45

A y/shaped protein that is produced in response to a specific antigen and recognizes these antigens in

Back 45

Antibody

Front 46

The “master cells” of the immune system that initiate and coordinate the adaptive immune response are

Back 46

Helper t cells

Front 47

Which of the following are examples of active immunity

Back 47

Antibodies produced from a vaccine / produce on our own

Front 48

The region of an antibody molecule that recognizes and binds to an antigen is the

Back 48

Variable region

Front 49

Every year the common flu vaccine is designed to protect against three different strains of influenza virus. Why do scientists typically have to make a new vaccine every year?

Back 49

Because the virus can mutate into new strains

Front 50

If you transfuse type AB blood into a patient with type A blood. The patient will raise antibodies against the B antigen on the donor’s blood, but will not raise antibodies against the A antigen. Why not?

Back 50

B and T cells that recognize the A antigen will have been removed by clonal deletion

Front 51

Each year there are an estimated 250,000 people who could benefit from a bone marrow transplant

Back 51

If they don’t match, the recipient’s immune system will see the donor’s bone marrow as foreign

Front 52

What would happen to a patient who no longer had active bone marrow?

Back 52

They would be immunocompromised / bubble boy

Front 53

A person has blood type of A. they could receive a whole blood transfusion from which donors?

Back 53

A or O

Front 54

An exaggerated attack on a harmless antigen by an overly sensitive immune system is termed

Back 54

Allergy

Front 55

Silica walls are characteristic of

Back 55

Diatoms

Front 56

The engulfment of food particles by a cell is

Back 56

Phagocytosis / to eat

Front 57

Some protozoa move by false feet called

Back 57

Pseudopodia

Front 58

Euglena have chloroplasts and can perform phagocytosis. Euglena would be considered which of the following?

Back 58

Autotrophs and heterotrophs

Front 59

DNA sequence evidence suggests that plants, fungi and animals arose from different lineages of unicellular protists. This suggests which of the following?

Back 59

Protists evolved before the other three kingdoms pro (before)

Front 60

Chloroplasts in algae are thought to have arisen from which source?

Back 60

Cyanobacteria

Front 61

Mitochondria in algae are thought to have arisen from which source

Back 61

Aerobic bacteria

Front 62

Euglena and dinoflagellates have chloroplasts and flagella. This means they are which of the following.

Back 62

Photosynthetic and mobile

Front 63

Protists

Back 63

Are eukaryotes with nucleus

Front 64

Which protists produce most of the earth’s oxygen

Back 64

Algae

Front 65

African sleeping sickness is caused by Trypanosoma brucei, a unicellular flagellated protist infects red blood cells after being injected into the blood stream. African sleeping sickness is transmitted by

Back 65

The bite of an insect / tzeze fly

Front 66

Malaria is caused by plasmodium, a non/motile protist that contains a cluster of microtubuleas at one end of the cell. Once injected into the blood stream, these microtubules are used to attach to red blood cells. In areas of the world where malaria is endemic people have a relatively high incidence of the allele for

Back 66

Sickle cell

Front 67

Malaria is transmitted by

Back 67

The bite of a mosquito

Front 68

One reason that malaria continues to be the world’s most significant infectious disease is because plasmodium falciparum continues to develop resistance to the drugs that have been used to treat malaria. This is due to which of the following?

Back 68

Some plasmodium falciparum have pre/existing mutations that make them resistant to antimalarial drugs

Front 69

Based on the theory of endosymbiosis, which of the following would you expect to find in a chloroplast.

Back 69

DNA