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genetic material criteria

Information


Replication


Transmission


Variation


Griffith's Transformations

studied 2 strains of streptococcus pneumoniae



'S'-smooth: polysaccharide capsule protects bacterium from immune system



'R'-rough: no capsule

Steps of DNA replication

1) DNA strands unwind


2)DNA rep begins outward from 2 rep forks


3) DNA rep continues in both directions

DNA polymerase

able to covalently link nucleotides together from a primer which is made from DNA primase



can link nucleotides only in 5' to 3' direction

required proteins during DNA replication

DNA helicase



DNA topoisomerase



single strand binding proteins

DNA helicase

at each fork binds to one DNA strand and
uses the energy from ATP to separate the DNA strands and keeps the fork moving forward (moves 5’-3)

DNA topoisomerase

helps untwist the strands ahead of DNA helicase

ssBP

coat each of single strands of template DNA to prevent them from reforming a double helix p

proofreading

DNA polymerase can identify and remove a mismatching nucleotide from the daughter strand