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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Classification of joints -structural
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Fiberous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
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Cassification of joints-
functional |
Synarthroses-immovable
Amphiarthroses- slightly moveable Diarthroses-freely moveable |
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Synovial joints
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those joints in which the articulating bones are seperated by a fluid containing joint cavity.
All are freely moveable diarthroses. ex: limb joints, all joints in the body |
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Synovial joints: general structure
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articular cartilage, joint (synovial) cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments
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Synovial joints: friction reducing structures
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Bursae- flattened, fiberous sacs lined with synovial membranes and containing synovial fluid
Tendon sheath- elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon |
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Common body movements
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Flexion- bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint.
Extension- reverse of flexion; joint angle is increases. Dorsiflexion & plantar flexion- up & down movement of the foot. Abduction- movement away from the midline. Adduction- movement toward the midline. Cicumduction- movement describes a cone in a space. |
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Special movements
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Supination & pronation
Inversion & eversion Protraction & retraction Elevation & depression Opposition |
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Types of synovial joints
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Plane joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, Condyloid or Ellipsoidal joints, saddle joints, Ball & socket joints
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Synovial joints: Knee
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largest & most complex joint of the body.
allows flexion, extension & some roation. Three joints in one surrounded by a single joint cavity. |
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Synovial joints: knee- other supporting structures
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Anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, medial meniscus, lateral meniscus
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Synovial joints- Hip (coxal) joint
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ball & socket joint, head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum, good range of motion, but limited by the deep socket & strong ligaments
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Synovial joints- Elbow
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Hinge joint that allows flexion & extention only, Radius and ulna articulate with the humerous
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Synovial joints- shoulder (glenohumeral)
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Ball & socket joint in which stability is sacrificed to obtaing greater freedom of movement, head of humerus articulates with the glenoid of the scapula.
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Shoulder stability
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Weak stability is maintained by:
thin loose joint capsule, 4 ligaments, tendon of the long head of biceps, which travels through the intertubercular groove & secures the humerus to the glenoid cavity. rotator cuff (4 tendons) that encircles the shoulder joint & blends with the articular capsule. |
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Arthritis-osteoarthritis
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Most common chronic arthritis; often called "wear & tear", affects women more than men, more prevalent in the aged & is probably related to the normal aging process
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Arthritis- Rheumatoid (treatment)
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conservative therapy, progressive treatment, The drug Enbrel -neutralizes that harmful properties of inflammatory chemicals
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Arthritis- Gouty
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Deposition of the uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissue, follwed by the inflammation response. Typically affects the joint at the base of the great toe, treatment: colchicine, nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drugs, & clucocorticoids.
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3 types of muscle tissue
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Skeletal- responsible for all locomotion,
cardiac-res. for coursing the blood through the body & smooth-helps maintain blood pressure & squeezes or propels substances through organs (ie: feces) |
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4 Functions of muscle tissue
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Excitability or irritability-the ability to recieve and respond to stimuli
Contractility- the ability to shorten forcibly Extensibility- the ability to be stretched or extended Elasticity- the abiltiy to recoil & resume the original resting length |
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Nerve & blood supply
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each muscle is served by one nerve, an artery, & one or more veins.
contracting fibers require continous delivery of oxygen & nutrients via arteries. wastes must be removed via veins. |
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Microscopic anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber
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sarcoplasm has numerous glycosomes and a unique oxygen-binding protein called myoglobin.
fibers contain the usual organelles, myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum, & t tubules. |
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Myofibrils
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contractile elements
make up most of the muscle volume |
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Sarcomere
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smallest contractile unit of a muscle
region of myofibril between two successive z discs composed of myofilaments made up of contractile proteins: thick (myosin) & thin (actin). |
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Myofilaments
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thick filaments-extend the entire length of an A band
thin- extend across the I band & partway into the A band |
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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
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SR is an elaborate smooth ER that mostly runs longitudinally & surrounds each myofibril.
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Sliding filament model of contraction
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in the relaxed state, thin & thick filaments overlap only slightly.
upon stimulation, myson heads bind to actin & sliding begins. each myosin head binds & detaches several times during contraction, acting like a ratchest to generate tension & propel the thin fil. to the center of the sarcomere. |
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Neuromuscular junction
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they never touch
Though exeedingly close, axonal ends & muscle fibers are always septerated by a space called the synaptic cleft. when a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon @ the n.j. voltage regulated calcium channels open & allows ca2 to enter. ca2 inside the axon terminal causes axonal vesicles to fuse with tht axonal membrane. the fusion releases ach into the synaptic cleft &diffuses across the s.c. to ach receptors on the sarcolemma. |
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action potential
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depolarization event that includes polarity reversal of a sarcolemma & the propagation of an action potential along the membrane.
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3 phases of muscle twitch
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latent period- first few milliseconds after stimulation when excitation contraction coupling is taking place.
contraction- cross bridges actively form & the muscle shortens. relaxation- ca2 is reabsorbed into the SR & muscle tension goes to zero |
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2 types of muscle contraction
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isometric- increasing muscle tension
isotonic- decreasing muscle length . |
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Muscle metabolism: Energy
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ATP is the only source used directly for contractile activity.
stored: 4-6 seconds afterwards: regenerated by: creatine phosphate & ADP, anerobic respiration, aerobic respiration. |
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Muscle Fatigue
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the muscle is in a state of physiological inability to contract.
occurs when: ATP production fails to keep pace with ATP use. there is a relative defici of ATP causing contractures. lactic acid accumulates in the muscle, & ionic imbalances are present |
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Muscle activity
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only 40% of the energy is released in muscle activity as work.
the remaing is given off as heat: 60%. |
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Force of muscle contraction
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affected by:
the # of muscle fibers contracting, relative size of the muscle, degree of muscle stretch |
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speed of contraction
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slow oxidative fibers contract slowly, have slow acting myosin ATPases, and are fatigue resistant.
fast oxidative fibers contract quickly, have fast myosin ATPases & have moderate resistance to fatigue fast glycolytic fibers contract quickly, have fast myosin ATPases & are easily fatigued. |
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Smooth muscle
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composed of spindle shaped fibers.
lack the coarse connective tissue sheaths of skeletal muscle, but have fine endomysium. organized into 2 layers of closely apposed fibers. found in walls of hollow organs (except the heart). lacks neuromuscular junction innervating nerves have bulbous swellings called varicosites. no visible striations & no sarcomeres. think & thin filaments are present. |
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Single unit
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The cells of single unit smooth muscle commonly called visceral muscle contract rhythmically as a unit, electrically coupled to one another via gap junctions, often exhibit spontaneous action potentials, are arranged in opposing sheets and exhibit stress relaxation response
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Multi unit
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Are found in large airways to the lungs, large arteries, arrector pili muscles, attatched to hair follicles, in the internal eye muscles
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Multi unti
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include rare gap junctions, infrequent spontaneous depoloraizations, strucurally independent muscle fibers, a rich nerve supply which with a number of muscle fibers, forms motor units, graded contractions in response to neural stimuli.
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Prime movers
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provide the major force for producing a specific movement
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antagonist
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oppose or revers a paticular movement
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synergists
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add force to a movement
reduce undesirable or unneccessary movement |
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fixators
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synergists that immobilize a bone or muscles origin
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Naming skeletal muscles
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Location of muscle, shape of muscle, relative size, direction of fibers
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lever
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a rigid bar that moves on a fulcrum, or fixed point
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first class lever
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the fulcrum is between the load & the effort
ie: shovel (advantage & disadvantage) ie: nodding (fulcrum is ear, load is on chin & effort is on forhead) |
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2nd class lever
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the load is between the fulcrum & the effort
ie: scissors (advantage & disadvantage) Ie: jumping (fulcrum is on ball of foot, effort is on leg & load is on bottom of foot) |
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3rd class lever
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the effor is applied between the fulcrum & the load
ie: tweazers (disadvantage) ie: lifting weights (load is on hand, effort is on biceps & fulcrum is on elbow) |