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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
behavior |
the way in which an animal or person acts in response to a particular situation or stimulus |
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conditioned response |
Pavlov's dogs; initiating a natural response with a stimulus, such as a sound of a bell
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ethology |
study of species' specific behavior where animals adapt to their natural environment |
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deprivation experiment |
if newborn is raised without exposure to species; some specific behaviors are learned from parents, others are instinctive (i.e. spiders spin webs naturally) |
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imprinting |
recognition of parent in offspring, has to develop during a critical period, usually within hours of being born |
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knock-out experiement |
if a gene is associated with behavior is silenced or eliminated (i.e. mice depend on pheromones for mating, so if that is eliminated, they cannot discriminate between males or females) |
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interbreeding experiment |
related species gave rise to behavior that is mixed
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gene cascade |
series of genes that direct behavior by affecting multiple areas of a behavior |
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cost/benefit |
behavior's goal is to increase benefits and decrease costs -- energy spent in increase survival |
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social behavior |
when behavior involves multiple individuals of the same species or even with different species (communication, dominance, territoriality, mating, parenting, helping, etc) |
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pheromones |
smell hormones; hormones released that are sort of "smelled" by other individual |
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mechanosensory |
touching, mechanical behavior like grooming, birds pecking, honey bee dance |
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birdsong |
acoustic communication; testosterone is responsible for birdsong, so usually only males can sing to attract females who recognize their song |
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forager behavior |
finding food, etc. and then instructing the rest of the population where to find it; i.e. dancing honey bees |
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migration |
navigational behavior; moving population over long distances, usually to take advantage of moving from a harsh environment to a more hospitable one to support reproduction and survival |
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Circadian rhythm |
internal clock (almost 24 hours); neurons regulate day/night activities such as cyclical alterations in metabolism, body temp, melatonin, etc. |
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Circannual rhythm |
seasonal changes; change in day length, photoperiod, initiates a change in reproductive cycles, hibernation, etc. |
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navigational behavior |
piloting/homing (recognizing landmarks, using the sun as compass, etc); migration over long distances |
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instinctive behavior |
behavior that is genetic and that the individual is born with
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fixed action pattern |
behavior that is triggered by an external cue and performed to completion the same every time; must be genetically determined and done without learning at all |
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communicational behavior |
holds group together, warning, social statues, finding food, etc; electrical or chemical signals, visual or auditory signs (birdsong, color of warning, scent, etc) |
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homeostasis |
maintaining a stable condition in the internal environment |
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ECF (extra cellular fluid) |
extracellular fluid, surrounds all cells of organism; mostly water; 20% in blood, 80% inbetween all cells |
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interstitial fluid |
between the cells, surrounds cells
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physiology |
study of the function of specific anatomical regions |
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anatomy |
study of the actual structure (anatomical) of regions
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effector |
muscles and glands that can react/produce an effect
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nervous system |
system of organs responsible for muscle function, sensory response, translating electrical/chemical signals in the body, sending messages to other organ systems; immediate responses |
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endocrine system |
system of organs that regulate the body using chemical signals, hormones, through specific glands; changes the body over time for a long response |
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negative feedback |
when homeostasis is off set point, and organ systems work in a negative way to correct the problem (i.e. sweating to bring the temperature back to normal, going against the heat) |
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positive feedback |
response to homeostasis is in the positive direction; that is, the response is amplified or increased as opposed to working against (i.e. oxytocin is released during labor to INCREASE contractions to birth child)
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feedforward information |
set regulation point is changed; internal environment change is predicted before the change can even occur
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tissues |
a group of similar cells organized into a functional unit; four types = epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous |
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organs |
a body part composed of 4 tissues that serve a distinct function
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connective tissue |
connects all other three tissues together, protein fibers within matrix; collagen, elastin; fat, tendon, bone, cartilage, blood |
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muscle types |
skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle |
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voluntary muscle |
controlled by you; includes skeletal muscles for locomotion or facial expression |
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involuntary muscle |
muscle that you cannot control; signals from the brain move the muscle for specific processes; in bladder, heart, gut, uterus, etc
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glandular |
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organ systems |
collection of organs that are specific to a region/process/etc; nervous, cardiovascular (circulatory and respiratory), digestive, reproductive, excretory endocrine |
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neuron |
nerve cells; vary in size and shape but are excitable and transmit electrical signals ; consist of cell body and nucleus, dendrites, an axon, and axon terminal |
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glia |
helper cells; not excitable; 10x more than nerve cells because they help eachother; oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells, astrocytes, microglia
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electrical/chemical signals |
electrical involves an action potential (change in charges of ECF and ICF); chemical involves neurotransmitter (usually ACh) |
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action potential |
change in charge which travels down neuron and sends signal |
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dendrites |
tree-like branches on the body of the neuron which pick up signals (post synaptic area)
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axon; axon terminal |
axon is the bridge-like portion of the neuron where the signal is transmitted and travels along (contains myelin); axon terminal is end portion with dendrites (re synaptic area) that travel to other neuron
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synapse |
space between the neuron and its target (muscle, gland, other neuron), i.e. the synaptic space |
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acetylocholine |
neurotransmitter ACh, most common at neuromuscular junction; binds to receptors that depolarize the neuron to send the signal
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myelin |
layer wrapped around axon to increase speed and accuracy of signal transmission
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depolarization |
causes an action potential (change in charge)
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spinal reflex |
conversion of afferent to efferent information without involving higher brain centers; i.e. signals sent within spinal cord and not to brain, knee jerk reflex |
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gray matter |
"gray" in appearance because so many cells are packed there, consists of neurons and glia cell bodies; center of spinal cord |
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white matter |
surrounds gray matter; has only axons, NO NEURONS; appears white because of myelin sheaths
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motor, sensory, interneuron |
carry commands to muscles and glands (efferent), carry sensory info into nervous system and convert different stimuli (afferent), integrate and store info between the two (humans have the most of these) |
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afferent |
carry sensory info into nervous system to convert different stimuli, i.e. light, sound, touch, into a signal
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efferent |
carry commands to muscles and glands, i.e. motor neurons
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neurotransmitter |
chemical that initiates a chemical or electrical response in a neuron cascade |
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excitatory |
results in depolarization and a reaction that will "go" |
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inhibitory |
results in hyperpolarization and causes a response to "not go" or stop
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motor-end plate |
a specialized region on the skeletal muscle (postsynaptic component) |
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CNS |
central nervous system; includes the brain and spinal cord; responsible for all responses of the body by interpretting outside information
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PNS |
peripheral nervous system; sensory information from the outside that includes unconscious actions and autonomic responses (heart rate, sweating, etc)
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hindbrain |
includes the cerebellum and spinal cord; coordinates muscle activity and maintaining balance; receives info from peripheral body |
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midbrain |
middle section of the brain
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forebrain |
diencephalon, which includes the thalamus and hypothalamus; in charge of the limbic system and pleasure/pain centers |
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medulla |
part of brain stem with the pons and midbrain; swallowing, salivating and breathing are localized here; Reticular Activating System |
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pons |
part of brain stem |
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cerebellum |
part of hindbrain; single, convoluted surface; coordinates muscle activity and balance; receives info from peripheral system
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cerebral cortex |
gray matter of cerebrum (actual brain); connects the two halves of the brain together |
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reticular activating system |
sensory information from the spinal cord into this network of sensory neurons that process a lot of info from the body that will help with staying awake or falling asleep |
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limbic system |
surrounds hypothalamus; regulates basic drives such as hunger, thirst, instincts, long term memory (hippocampus) , and pleasure/pain/fear centers (amygdala`) |
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diencephalon |
forebrain consisting of the thalamus and the hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus
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thalamus |
station where sensory info from body stops before going onto the cerebral cortex
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hypothalamus |
receives info about the physiological condition of the body and maintains homeostasis; location of the limbic system
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gyri, sulci |
folds and grooves of the brain
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hippocampus |
associated with long term memory; part of the diencephalon |
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association cortex |
part of frontal lobe that deals with personality, feeling, and planning |
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parietal lobe |
somatosensory cortex; deals with the feeling/sensory information of specific body parts and associating what you are touching etc. |
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frontal lobe |
front of brain; deals with personality and feeling; specific motor functions
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temporal lobe |
for processing auditory information as well as recognizing/naming objects, faces |
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occipital lobe |
receives and processes visual information and translating it into language
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learning |
acquisition of skills and knowledge |
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memory |
expression of what you've acquired
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long term potentiation |
memory is stored in bits and pieces all over the sensory association areas with visual, auditory, prefrontal areas of the brain |
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parasympathetic |
part of PNS; preganglionic efferent neurons in brainstem and sacral spinal cord, uses acetylcholine, deals with slowing down heart beat and breathing; "rest and digest" idea |
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sympathetic |
thoracic and lumbar spinal cords; uses noradrenaline; prepares body to deal with stress, increases heart rate, dilate eyes, more glucose; "fight or flight"
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cervical/sacral |
areas for parasympathetic system; pupils, intestines, urinary bladder, arousal |
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thoracic/lumbar |
areas for sympathetic system; heartrate, breakdown of glucose, inhibits digestion and intestines
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"fight or flight" response |
response of the sympathetic nervous system where heart rate increased, more blood sugar, adrenaline, etc.
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"rest and digest" response |
part of parasympathetic nervous system where body relaxes, heart rate goes down, food is digested etc
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retina, fovea |
back of eye with a layer of photoreceptors and the center of the visual field |
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pupil |
opening in center of iris that absorbs light for imaging forming |
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lens |
refracts and focuses light using suspensory ligaments
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ciliary body and suspensory ligaments |
help with image forming and amount of light |
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rods, cones |
photoreceptor cells that respond to light (black and white) to form shape and identification in darkness, and high acuity (color) to fully see
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ganglion cell |
have axons that help with visualization |
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optic nerve, blind spot |
built of axons from ganglionic cells; since there are no photoreceptors, there is no image or light absorbed at this particular part of the eye; "blind spot"
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vitreous humor |
behind the iris; jelly like support |
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pre/post ganglionic |
organization/collection of neurons in the PNS |
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noranrenergic |
postganglionic neurotransmitter = nor-adrenaline
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endocrine |
system of organs that release hormones/chemical signals that influence the growth/development of the body |
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hormones |
chemical signals produced by different organs for regulation homeostasis; produced by endocrine glands and released into circulating blood
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steroid hormones |
lipid soluble, easily diffusible through cell membranes as receptors are inside or on the nucelus; binds to DNA to turn on genes, i.e. estrogen, testosterone = sex hormones |
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peptide hormones |
packaged as vesicles and released by exocytosis b/c receptors are on cell surface; i.e. insulin (protein hormones)
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paracrine |
hormone that affects neighboring cells |
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autocrine |
hormone that affects the same cell that it produces; i.e. reproductive system
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anterior pituitary |
front of pituitary that is responsible for production and release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) , adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) |
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posterior pituitary |
back of pituitary; responsible for storage of ADH and oxytocin
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tropic hormones |
released to effect other endocrine glands |
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releasing hormones |
released from hypothalamus that controls the anterior pituitary hormones |
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inhibiting hormones |
helps control anterior pituitary hormones |
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enkephalin, endorphin |
found in anterior pituitary; opiates for pain control; body makes your own drugs |
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oxytocin |
stored in the posterior pituitary; targets uterine muscle/contractions during childbirth, assists milk letdown; increases with intimate sexual contact = "cuddle hormone"
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portal vessels |
help bridge gap between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary so that it does not have to circulate through the entire body |
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negative/positive feedback |
initiates release or stops production of hormone
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neuroendocrine |
hormones that also double as neurotransmitters and help with the nervous system; i.e. epinephrine and norepinephrine are hormones that initiate or inhibit the "fight or flight" response |