Bio Exam 3

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Viruses

Back 1

non-cellular replicating entities that must invade living cells to carry out their replication. Not living things

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Caspid

Back 2

protein coat that surrounds the viral genetic material

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Eukaryotes

Back 3

not bacteria. Have a nucleus
Binary fission: bacteria reproduce by a simple cell-splitting in which one cell splits into two, with both daughter cells being exact replicas of the parental cell.

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Autotrophs

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organisms that can manufacture their own food, defined as some form of organic molecule that can be broken down to yield energy.

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Heterotroph

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cannot manufacture their own food.

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Mutualism

Back 6

a relationship between two organisms that benefits both of them. Ex. Humans and bacteria

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Pathogenic

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: disease-causing bacteria

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Antibiotics

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chemical compounds produced by one microorganism that are toxic to another

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Extremophiles

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archaea or bacteria that flourish in conditions that would kill most organisms

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Algae

Back 10

protests that perform photosynthesis

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Colonial multicellularity

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a form of life in which individual cells form stable associations with one another but do not take on specialized roles.

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True multicellularity

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a form of life in which individual cells exist in stable groups, with different cells in groups specializing in different functions

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phytoplankton

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small photosynthesizing organisms that float near the surface of water

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saprobes

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organisms that obtain their nutrition from dead organic matter.

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Hyphae

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slender, tube-like filaments that make up fungi. Absorbs food

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Mycelium

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the hyphae make up a branching web

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Dikayotic phase

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: phase in fungi in which cells in a fungal mycelium have two nuclei

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spore

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reproductive cell that can develop into a new organism without fusing with another reproductive cell

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mycorrhizae

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the root-hyphae association of plants and fungi

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cell wall

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a relatively thick layer of material that forms the periphery of plant, bacterial, and fungal cells

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chloroplasts

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organelles that are the site of photosynthesis

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sporophyte generation

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The generation of plant that produces spores

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gametophyte

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the generation of plant that produces gametes

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alteration of generations

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: a life cycle practiced by plants, in which successive plant generations alternate between the diploid sporophyte condition and the haploid gametophyte condition

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bryophyte

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a type of plant lacking a true vascular system
Seedless vascular plants: plants that have a vascular system but that do not produce seeds.

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seed

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a plant structure that includes a plant embryo, its food supply, and a tough, protective casing.

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gymnosperm

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: a seed plant whose seeds are not surrounded by fruit

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angiosperm

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their seeds are surrounded by the tissue called fruit

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endosperm

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a special kind of nutritive tissue that often surrounds the embryo of angiosperms

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Sessile

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fixed in one spot. Like fungus but hyphae grow

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Appendicular skeleton

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a division of the skeletal system. 126 bones include those of our pared appendages—arms, legs, and pelvic bones.

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axial skeleton

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a division of the skeletal system. 80 bones that include the skull, the vertebral column, and the rib cage that attaches to it.

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bone

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a connective tissue that provides support and storage capacity, and that is the site of blood cell production.

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cardiac muscle

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exists only in the heart, contracts under the influence of pacemaker cells

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cardiovascular system

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(organ system) consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels and an inner, “marrow” portion of bones where red blood cells are formed. (mass transit system)

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cartilage

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a connective tissue that serves as padding in most joints. Also forms the larynx, windpipe, nose-tip, outer ears, and links each of our ribs to our breastbone.
Compact Bone: type of bone. Relatively solid, forms the outer portion of the bone.

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connective tissue

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: tissue that stabilizes and supports other tissue (ex. Blood, Bone). Usually lie within a ground substance.

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dermis

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mostly connective tissue, connected to many various tissues (sweat glands, hair follicles, etc.)

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digestive system

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organ system. The digestive tract, a long tube that begins at the mouth and ends at the anus.

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endocrine gland

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glands that secrete their materials through tubes or “ducts.”

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endocrine system

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organ system. A communication system that works more slowly than the nervous system, through hormones.

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epidermis

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the outer layer of skin, an epithelial tissue that serves as a protective barrier, and has to renew itself continually.

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epithelial tissue

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tissue that covers surfaces exposed to an external environment (ex. Skin, lining of lungs)
Exocrine Gland

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gland

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organs or groups of cells specialized to secrete one or more substances. (A concentration of epithelial cells)

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homeostasis

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the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment.

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Hormone

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Chemical messengers, many of which come from specialized glands.

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Integumentary system

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organ system. Sometimes thought of as simply skin. Also hair, nails, and some glands.

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Keratin

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a flexible, water resistant protein, abundant in the outer layers of the skin, that also makes up hair and fingernails.

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Ligaments

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cartilage. Tissues that join bone to bone.

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Lymphatic system

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organ system. Consists of a widespread network of lymphatic vessels that collect extracellular fluid and deliver it to the blood vessels as a fluid called lymph. (an inspection system)

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Muscle Fiber

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Skeletal muscles that have cells that are elongated.

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Muscle Tissue

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tissue that is specialized in its ability to contract, or shorten (skeletal, smooth, cardiac)

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Muscular system

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organ system. All the skeletal muscles of the body (700 of them). Important in homeostasis

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Negative feedback

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a process in which the elements that bring about a response have their activity reduced by that response. How the body maintains Homeostasis.

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nervous system

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organ system. A rapid communication system in the body that includes the brain, spinal cord, all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, and sense organs such as the eye and ear.

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nervous tissue

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tissue that is specialized for the rapid conduction of messages, which take the form of electrical impulses.

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organ

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Several kinds of tissues that perform a special bodily function

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organ system

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Groups of interrelated organs and tissues that serve a particular function.

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osteoblast

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immature bone cells that are responsible for the production of new bone.

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osteoclast

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cells that move along the outside of bones, releasing enzymes that eat away at bone tissue.

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osteocyte

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mature bone cells. They maintain the structure and density of normal bone by continually recycling the calcium compounds around themselves.

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red marrow

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marrow that gives rise to blood cells.

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reproductive system

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organ system.

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sarcomere

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fundamental units of muscle contraction.

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sebacceous glands

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an exocrine gland in the skin. Produces an oily substance called sebum that is secreted into hair follicles and that then moves through them onto the skin.

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skeletal muscle

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the ordinary muscle that is attached to the bone and is contained in, for example, our biceps.

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skeletal system

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organ system. Composed of bones, cartilages, and ligaments. Support, protection, and fat and mineral storage.

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skin

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an organ organized in two parts: a thin outer covering, the epidermis, and a thicker underlying layer, the dermis, composed of mostly connecting tissue.

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smooth muscle

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Not striped, or “striated,” like the others. Is responsible for contractions of blood vessels, the uterus, the passageways of the lugs and other structures. (involuntary)

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spongy muscle

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Not striped, or “striated,” like the others. Is responsible for contractions of blood vessels, the uterus, the passageways of the lugs and other structures. (involuntary)

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spongy bone

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fills the epiphyses. Porous and contains marrow.

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sweat gland

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an exocrine gland in the skin. Gland that produces sweat.

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tendons

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cartilage. Tissues that join bone to muscle.

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tissue

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cells and cellular products that work together to perform a common function.

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urinary system

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organ system. Two major functions: elimination of waste products from blood. Also, conserving water, proteins, etc. that the body needs.

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Yellow Marrow

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marrow made up of energy-storing fat cells.

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Central nervous system

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one of two parts of the nervous system. The part consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

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peripheral nervous system

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one of two parts of the nervous system. The portion outside the brain and spinal cord, plus sensory organs.

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afferent division

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any nerves that help carry messages to the brain or spinal cord are said to be part of this.

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efferent division

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and nerves that help carry messages from the b or s.c. are said to be part of this. (Effects change in various organs in the body)

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somatic nervous system

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that portion of the peripheral nervous system’s efferent division that provides voluntary control over skeletal muscle.

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automatic nervous system

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that part of the peripheral nervous system’s efferent division that provides involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

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sensory nueron

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a nervous-system cell that transmits signals. It senses conditions both inside and outside the body and brings this received information to the central nervous system.

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internueron

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interconnects other neurons. Helps in remembering things

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motor nueron

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a peripheral system neuron that sends instructions from the central nervous system to such structures as muscles or glands. (transmits to organs or tissues outside the nervous system)

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dendrites

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extensions of neurons that carry signals toward the neuronal cell body.
Axon: an extension of the neuron that carries signals away from the neuronal cell body.

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mylelin

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some glia wrap their cell membranes around the axons in neurons. This membranous covering is called myelin.

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nerve

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a bundle of axons in the PNS that transmits information to or from the CNS.
Membrane Potential: The charge difference that exists from one side of the neuronal plasma membrane to the other.

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action potential

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a temporary reversal of cell-potential that results in a conducted nerve impulse down an axon.

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synapse

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The area where all three— the sending of the neuron, the receiving cell, and the gap— between them come together.

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synaptic cleft

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The arrival of the action potential causes the synaptic terminal to release neurotransmitter molecules into the gap in the synapse. This gap is the synaptic cleft.

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neurotransmitter

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a chemical, secreted into a synaptic cleft by a neuron, that affects another neuron or an effector by binding with receptors on it.

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cerebrospinal fluid

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fills the central canal of the spinal cord. A fluid that circulates both in the spine and the brain, supplying nutrients, hormones, and immune-system cells and providing protection against any jarring motion.

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ganglion

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any collection of nerve-cell bodies in the PNS.

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reflexes

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automatic nervous system responses that help us avoid danger or preserve a stable physical state.

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sympathetic division

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Fight or Flight part of the autonomic nervous system. Helps the body to deal with emergencies.

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parasympathetic division

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rest-and-digest part of the autonomic nervous system. Conserves energy and helps to digest.

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cerebral cortex

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outer layer of the cerebrum, site of our highest thinking and processing.

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thalamus

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the sensory perceptions (see, hear taste, or touch) are channeled through the Thalamus before moving onto the cerebral cortex for processing.

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hypothalamus

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important in regulating drives and in maintaining homeostasis in the body. Tells us if we are hungry of thirsty.

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olfaction

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sense of smell

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cochlea

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the coiled ,membranous part of the inner ear in which vibrations are transformed into the nervous system signals perceived as sound.

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retina

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an inner layer of tissue in the eye containing cells that transform light into nervous system signals.

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photoreceptors

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sensory receptors for vision (rods and cones)

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rods

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function in low light, provide only black and white

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cones

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bright light, provide color vision.

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hormones

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substances secreted by one set of cells that travel through the bloodstream and affect the the activities of other cells.

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target cells

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cell types that can be affected by a given hormone

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endocrine glands

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glands that release their materials directly into the bloodstream or into surrounding tissues without using ducts.

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peptide hormones

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composed of chains amino acids.

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amino-acid-based hormones

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derived from a single amino acid.

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steroid hormones

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constructed around the chemical framework of the cholesterol molecule.

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homeostasis

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an organisms tendency to maintain a relatively stable environment.

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posteriur pituitary

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region of the gland stores and releases two hormones, oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone, that are produced by the brains hypothalamus.

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anterior pituitary

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region that under control of the brains hypothalamus, produces and releases hormones that work directly on target cells or on other endocrine glands

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non specific defenses

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immune system defenses that do not discriminate between one invader and the next.

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specific defenses

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provides protection against particular invaders.

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immunity

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a state of long lasting protection that the immune system develops against specific microorganisms.

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antigen

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any foreign substance that elicits an immune system response.

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phagocyte

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cell capable ingesting a cell, port of a cell, or other materials.

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histamine

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compound that, in the inflammatory response, brings about blood vessel dilation and increased blood vessel permeability.

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passively acquired immunity

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: gained by the administration of disease fighting substances, called antibodies.

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actively acquired immunity

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immunity developed as a result of accidental or deliberate exposure to an antigen.

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antibody mediated immunity

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immune system that works through the production of proteins called antibodies.

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cell mediated immunity

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production of cells that destroy other cells in the body.

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T-Cells

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the main cells of cell mediated immunity.

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antibody

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circulating IS protein that binds to a particular antigen.

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plasma cell

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IS B cell that is specialized to produce antibodies.

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memory b cell

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cells that remain in the body and if an invader comes in a second time they divide and produce more plasma cells.

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APC

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antigen presenting cells (cells harboring antigens)

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Cytotoxic T Cell

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Kill T Cells, latch onto infected cells and kill them.

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Helper T Cell

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helps activated both cell and antibody mediated immunity.

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HIV

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Human immunodeficiency virus.

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Autoimmune disorder

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attack by the immune system on the bodies own tissues.

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Formed Elements

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The portion of blood that consists of blood cells and cell fragments.

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Plasma

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The yellowish, upper layer, accounting for the rest of the volume (beside formed
elements) of blood. The Fluid portion of blood.

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Red blood cells

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transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from every part of the body.

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white blood cells

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play a critical role in the immune system.

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platelets

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small Fragments of cells that important in the blood clotting process.

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low density lipoproteins

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carry cholesterol to outlying tissues from the liver and small intestine

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high density lipoproteins

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carry lipids from these tissues to the liver.

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arteries

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carry blood away from the heart

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veins

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carry blood back to the heart

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capillaries

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connecting the arteries to the veins are the smallest blood vessels of all.

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pulmonary circulation

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network of blood vessels where blood flows between the heart and the lungs.

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systematic circulation

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network of blood vessels where blood is moved from the heart to the rest of the body.

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aorta

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enormous vessel which has branches that will carry blood to all the tissues of the body.

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cornary arteries

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arteries that encircle the heart before they start branching.

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heart attack

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complete blockage of a coronary artery.

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bronchioles

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deliver air to the lungs.

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Alveoli

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air exchange chambers of the lungs.

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ventilation

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physical movement into and out of the lungs.

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digestive tract

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muscular tube that passes from the esophagus to the anus.

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peristalsis

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muscles that take turns producing waves of contraction that push materials along the length of the digestive tract.

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pharynx

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passageway that links the mouth with both the food transporting esophagus and the air transporting trachea.

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stomach

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temporary expandable storage site for food.

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chyme

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soupy mixture of food and gastric juices.

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small intestine

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runs between the stomach and the large intestine.

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pancreas

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gland that secretes digestive enzymes and chemical buffers to raise the PH of the chyme coming from the stomach.

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gallbladder

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an organ that stores and concentrates a digestive material called bile.

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Bile

Back 161

substance produced by the liver that fascilitates the digestion of fats.

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Liver

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reddish brown organ that is the central to the body’s metabolism of nutrients and that serves as a major storage site for blood.

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Large Intestine

Back 163

begins at the small intestine and ends at the anus.

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Kidneys

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produce urine while preserving useful blood borne materials.

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Urinary Bladder

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temporary storage site for urine.

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Urethra

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The bladder contracts and urine passes through

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nephron

Back 167

the functional unit of the kidneys.

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glomerulus

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knotted network of nephron capillaries.

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4 main processes of the Kidneys

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Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion, Concentration.

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antidiuretic hormone

Back 170

ADH part of the body that is able to control how much water is either sent to the bladder or retained in circulation.