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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A family tree of disease
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A Pedigree
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How do diseases run through family?
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The bad gene allele is passed on
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"Road Map" of each chromosome with signposts every 100,000 nucleotides
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DNA markers
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DNA marker to screen people for the disease allele
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Genetic Testing
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Used to cut a gene or genes out of the DNA of one organism and put them into the DNA of another organism
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Genetic Engineering
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What is the goal of gene therapy?
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To go into a human's cell and fix their bad genes
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How is gene therapy accomplished?
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Scientists make a good copy of the gene and put it into a vector that will carry it into a person's cell.
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What are some problems gene therapy has come across its progress?
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* The vectors dont always go to the right cells
* The gene may insert into a different gene - causing more problems * May cause health problems |
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What happens with SCIDS?
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They are born without an immune system
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What are ethical concerns involving gene therapy?
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* Very expensive
* Could be a problem that won't show up until several generations * Alter benign characteristics |
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The act of deliberately choosing which individuals will breed and which will not based upon whether they exhibit desired characteristics
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Selective breeding
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How is selective breeding and genetic engineering different?
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Selective breeding is limited by the variation that exists within itself
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How is selective breeding and genetic engineering similar?
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Both are creating changes to make it better
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What are some benefits of genetically engineered plants?
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* A way for growing crops in parts of the world that arent usually suitable
* Fewer pesticides * During drought, people will still have food |
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The process by which one cell doubles all of its contents and then divides to make two cells that are exactly like the first one
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Mitosis
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Step of Mitosis when Chromosomes in a diploid cell are copied
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Interphase
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Step of Mitosis when each chromosome holds onto its copy at the centromere
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Prophase
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Step of Mitosis when the chromosomes line up on the center line of the cell
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Metaphase
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Step of Mitosis when the chromosomes and the cell splits so that one copy of each chromosome ends up in a separate cell
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telophase
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the normal number of chromosomes in animal or plant cells (2 of each chromosome)
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diploid
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number of chromosomes in a gamete (half the number of chromosomes)
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haploid
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during meiosis the chromosomes will find their counterpart to form a pair
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homologogous pairs of chromosomes
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pairs of chromosomes wrap around each other and exchange parts of dna with the other
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crossing over
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The process of starting with a diploid cell and ending with 4 haploid cells
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Meiosis
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What are the 3 ways that meiosis provides the variation for evolution
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* Mutations during DNA replication
* Crossing over * Random Assortment |
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Any trait that aids in the survival and reproduction of a population in a particular environment
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Adaptation
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Thought species came about via static model
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Aristotle
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Thought that traits were aquired through use
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Lamarck
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God created all the species, but they change over time, just not into new species
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Natural Theology
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Thought species came about via branched descent
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Darwin
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Darwin's hypothesis that the environment acts upon variations among populations and those individuals that survive will pass on their genetics
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Natural Selection
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Give an example of mimicry
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The Viceroy butterfly through evolution mimics the poisonious Monarch butterfly
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Give an example of industrial melanism
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Moths in england
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Give an example of homologies
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Human arms, cheetah legs, whale flippers
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Give an example of vestigal structures
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Tailbone in humans
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What is vestigal structures
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Structures that related species share but are no longer functional in one or more of the species
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Different species may have completely different structures for performing the same function in both species
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Convergent Evolution
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similarities in development among related species
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comparitive embryology
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A group of individuals of the same species living at the same time and within a particular region where they are capable of breeding with one another
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Population
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A group of individuals capable of breeding with each other to produce viable and fertile offspring
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Species
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This occurs when populations of the same species are separated by some physical barrier that prevents them from interbreeding
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Geographic isolation
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Any biological, behavioral, geographical barrier that prevents the interbreeding of populations of the same species
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Reproductive isolation
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Occured 16 billion years ago
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Big Bang Theory
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Occured 4.5 billion years ago
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The earth formed - primordial soup
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3.5 Billion Years ago
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First forms of life occured on earth
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1.5 billion years ago
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the oceans formed and the first eukaryotic organisms evolved
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200 million years ago
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Pangaea split into Laurasia in the north and Gondwanaland in the south
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100 million years ago
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Laurasia split into North America
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80-45 million years ago
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Gondwanaland split into south america, africa, australia and antarctica
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