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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Osteology
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study of bones, a connective tissue
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functions of the bones
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-support
-protection and immunity -movement -electrolyte balance -acid/base balance -blood formation |
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osteoblasts
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bone forming cells
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osteoclasts
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bone dissolving cells
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Bone matrix
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-organic matter
- cells types - Collagen - some carbohydrate compounds -inorganic matter - hydroxyapatite |
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*effects of low organic matter in bony matrix*
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brittle bone disease
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*effects of low inorganic matter in bony matrix*
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-not enough calcium
-rickets |
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Bone Components
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compact bone
spongy bone -marrow -red -yellow |
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compact bone
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-compacted lamellae into osteons
-surrounded by collagen -house blood vessels and nerves -very dense |
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lamellae
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when bony tissue is stacked in a plate like fashion
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spongy bone
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-lattice work of spicules and trabecules
-strength without weight -specific arrangement along stress lines -spaces filled with marrow -removes stress on body parts -helps reduce movement of joints |
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braces(mouth)
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changes the shape of the jaw bone not the actually teeth placements
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red marrow
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-fill cavities in spongy bone
-produces blood cells -distributed mostly in Axial skeleton and pelvic girdle |
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yellow marrow
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-fills cavity in spongy bone
-fatty (high concentration of energy) -distributed mostly of Appendicular skeleton |
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how broken bones heal:
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- formation of hematoma
-formation of granulation tissue -formation of soft callus -conversion to hard callus -bone remodeling |
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formation of a hematoma
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-broken bone means broken blood vessels
-some bleeding, but clots soon formed -similar to bruise |
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formation of granulation tissue
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-its after hematoma
-macrophages arrice -cleans to help prevent infection -osteogenic cells increase in abundance |
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formation of soft callus
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-fibroblasts deposit collagen
-which collectively is called soft callus |
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conversion to hard callus
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-osteogenic cells already in abundance, develop into (needed) osteoblasts (to create new tissue)
-osteoblasts deposit some components of bony matrix, develop into osteocytes -"cementing" wound site -break must be immobilized |
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bone remodeling
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-hard callus present for several months
-osteoclasts dissolve dead bone tissue at break site -osteoblasts continue to deposit bone tissue |
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osteoporosis
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-"bone with pores"
-most common -decrease in bone density -increases risk of pathologic fractures, bending/bowing or bone -occurs mostly in spongy bone |
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Integument
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skin
-largest organ |
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integument functions:
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-resistance to trauma and infection
-water barrier (osmoregulation) -vitamin D synthesis(triggers absorption rate in intestines) -sensation -thermoregulation -communication and indicator of health |
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integument layers
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-Epidermis
-Dermis -hypodermis |
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Epidermis
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-relatively thin layer
- mostly dead skin cells -high concentration of keratinocytes |
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keratin structures
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-nails
-callus -warts -hair - in ALL mammals |
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Hair functions :
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-helps of sense of touch
-hair distribution after puberty -acts as filter (nose) -affects sound waves (ear) -goosebumps |
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pheromones
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-no odor
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goose bumps
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"piloerection"
-piloerector muscles contract pulling hair shaft standing up -traps heat |
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Dermis
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-mostly collagen(pliable bendy)
-houses glands, blood vessels, nerves |
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glands
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-merocrine sweat gland
-apocrine sweat gland -sebaceous gland -cerminous gland -mammary gland |
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merocrine gland
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-most numerous , all over body
-sweat gland -produces watery perspiration -cools body via evaporation |
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apocrine gland
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-do not develop till puberty
-distributed in groin, axillary,areola and bearded regions -produces perspiration, but with fatty acids -linked to sexual stimulation -pheromones |
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sebaceous gland
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-distributed mostly in hair follicles, pores
-produces sebum -bodies natural oils (high in lipids) -lubricates hair and skin -helps trap water inside body |
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ceruminous gland
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-found in ear canal
-produces cerumen -lubricating (earwax) -waterproofs ear canal, traps bacteria, lubricates hairs |
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mammary gland
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-characteristic of ALL mammals
- only functional in females -found in breasts -produces milk - |
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hypodermis
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-"subcutaneous layer"
-pads and binds - highly vascular(good injection site) -subcutaneous fat -adipose tissue - not evenly distributed or even between sexes -energy reserve -thermal insulation |
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*How might the epidermis contribute to thermoregulation?*
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hair and piloerection(goose bumps)
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*how might the dermis contribute to thermoregulation?*
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-vasodilation and vasoconstrictuion
-sweating via merocrine gland |
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*how might the hypodermis contribute to thermoregulation?*
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adipose tissue
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histology
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study of tissue
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tissue
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-group of similar cells and cell products
- arise from germ layers(regions) of the embryo -work together to perform some structural or physiological role in an organ/organ system |
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zygote
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fertilized egg cell
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blastula
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after several mitotic divisions zygote multiplies
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gastrula
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-when the blastula turns in to germ layer
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gastrula germ layers
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-ectoderm
-epidermis (skin), nervous -endoderm - digestive and respiratory tract -mesoderm -muscle, bone, blood |
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*what germ layer gives rise to the stomach?*
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endoderm
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*what germ layer gives rise to muscle?*
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mesoderm
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*what germ layer gives rise to nerve cells?*
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ectoderm
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4 categories of tissues
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-epithelial
-connective -nervous -muscular |
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Epithelial tissue
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-lines the body surface, lines the body cavities and organs
2 categories: -simple: - stratified |
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simple epithelial
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-layer is 1 to 3 cells thick
- lines intestines, stomach, mouth cavity -job : absorption |
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stratified epithelial
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layer is several cells thick
-may or may not be keratinized lines bottom of feet, walls of vagina -job: to protect |
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connective tissue
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-most abundant type of tissue
-types of connective: -adipose -fibrous -cartilage -bone - blood |
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fibrous tissue
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-collagen and elastin found in tendons and ligaments
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adipose tissue
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-fat storing cells
- primary energy site |
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cartilage
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-does not receive blood
-chondrocytes -few or completely lack blood vessels -alieviates weight on body -fewer oxygen nutrients (so very slow healing) |
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connective tissue function:
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-binds
-support -protects -immunity -movement -storage -heat conservation -transport |
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nervous tissue
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-specialized for communication by electrical and chemical signals
-electrical > action potential >electrical currents -chemical >neurotransmitters -found in brain spinal cord and other parts of nervous system |
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muscular tissue
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3 types:
-cardiac -smooth -skeletal |
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muscular tissue functions
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- Function to exert force on other tissues, organs and parts of the body
-body movement -digestion -waste elimination - breathing -speaking -blood circulation |
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purpose of joints
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permit movement (in conjunction with bone and muscle tissue)
-diplaces stress on bones |
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types of joints:
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-fibrous
-cartilaginous -synovial |
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fibrous
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-bound largely by collagen
-sutures |
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cartilaginous
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-bound largely by cartilage
-ribs/sternum |
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Synovial
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-most complex in design, but allow for greatest mobility
anatomy: -joint cavity -synovial membrane -synovial fluid -articular discs -meniscus -cartilage pad between articulating bones -tendons -ligaments -bursa |
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synovial fluid
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-made of albumin and hyaluronic acid
-shock absorption -lubricates for "slippery joints" -cartilage health -in and outs -recall that cartilage tissue is nonvascular -cleans via macrophages |
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types of synovial joints:
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-ball and socket
-condylar -saddle -plane -hinge -pivot |
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ball and socket
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-hip joint and shoulder
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condylar
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just fingers not palms
-convex shape bones fit into concave shape bone |
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saddle
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all primates
-thumbs -up and down movement |
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plane
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ankle and wrist
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hinge
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-knee
-elbow -opens 180 degrees in one direction but not in two |
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pivot
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-neck
-between 1st two C- vertebra (axis and atlas) |
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movement of synovial joints
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-flexion and extension
-hyperextension -abduction and adduction -elevation and depression -protraction and retraction -circumduction -medial rotation -lateral rotation -supination and pronation |
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vasoconstriction
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when the blood vessels "shrink" (skinnier in winter)
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vasodilation
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when the blood vessels "expand" (fatter in summer)
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osteocytes
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when calcified, a bone cell
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