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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When scientists carry out an experiment, they are testing _____. |
hypothesis |
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Of the following, what is the earliest step in the scientific process? 1. conducting an experiment 2. asking a question about an observation 3. analyzing data 4. generating a hypothesis 5. drawing a conclusion |
asking a question about an observation |
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In a controlled experiment, which group receives the placebo? |
the control group |
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In studies of coffee and memory discussed, the independent variable is ______ and the dependent variable is ______. |
caffeine; memory |
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Can an epidemiologust who finds a correlation between the use of tannning beds and melanoma (an aggressive form of skin cancer) in college-age women conclude that tanning beds cause skin cancer? |
no; correlation in not proof of causation |
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You carry out a clinical trial to test whether a new drug relieves the symtoms of arthritis better than a placebo. You have four groups of participants, all of whom have mildly painful arthritis (rated 7 on a scale of 1 to 10). Each group received a daily pill as follows: control (group 1): placebo; group 2: 2-15 mg; group 3: 25 mg; group 4: 50 mg. At the end of two weeks, participants in each group are asked to rate their pain on a scale of 1 to 10. What is the independent variable in the experiment? |
the drug |
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In which of the following would you have the most confidence? |
a randomized clinical trial with 15,000 subjects |
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What is the importance of statistical analyses? a. they can reveal whether the data have been fabricated b. they can be used to support of reject the hypothesis c. they can be used to determine whether any observed differences between the two groups are real or a result of chance d. all of the above |
b and c |
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You hear a news report about a new asthma treatment. What would you want to know before you asked your doctor if the treatment was right for you? a.was the drug tested in a randomized clinical trial? b.how many participants were in the trial? was there a significant difference between the effect of the new drug and the treatment used in the control group? c.did any of the researchers have financial ties to the manufacturer of the new asthma drug? d. all of the above |
all of the above |
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You are listening to a news report that claims a new study has found convincing evidence that a particular weight-loss product is much more effective than diet and exercise. What can you infer about "convincing" evidence in this case? a. that all of the participants who used the weight-loss product lost weight b. that only the participants who used the weight-loss product lost weight c. that statistical tests showed significantly more weight loss in the participants who used the weight-loss product product than those who relied on diet and exercise d. that the participants who used the weight-loss product lost an average of 3 pounds, while the participants that used diet and exercise lost an average of 2 pounds e. that it agrees with the hypothesis |
that statistical tests showed significantly more weight loss in the participants who used the weight-loss product product than those who relied on diet and exercise |
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How can two different studies investigating the same thing (e.g., the relationship, if any, between caffeinated coffee and memory) come to different conclusions a. they may have used different types of participants (e.g., participants of different ages or professions) b. all of the abovethey may have evaluated memory differently (e.g., long-term vs. short-term memory) c. they may have had different sample sizes d. they may have used different amounts of caffiene |
all of the above |
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Enzymes speed up a reaction by _____. Choose one |
decreasing the activation energy |
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The substrate of an enzyme is _____. Choose one |
the molecule that the enzyme acts on |
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How is folic acid (folate) is best described? Choose one |
as an organic cofactor (coenzyme) |
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The bond between the oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom within a water molecule is _____? Choose one |
covalent |
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Which of the following are most likely to dissolve in olive oil? Choose one a. a polar molecule b. a nonpolar molecule c. a hydrophylic molecule d. a and c e. b and c |
e. b and c |
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A cell membrane is made of _____. Choose one water proteins phospholipids nucleotides b and c |
b and c |
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The bond between the oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom in different water molecules is a _____? Choose one |
hydrogen bond |
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The stickiness of water results from what kinds of bonds? Choose one |
hydrogen |
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If a cell is unable to take up or make sugars, what kind of molecule will it be unable to make? Choose one a. carbohydrates b. proteins c. lipids d. nuceic acids e. all of the above f. a and d |
a and d |
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As an acidic compound dissolves in water, the pH of the solution _____. Choose one |
decreases |
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What subatomic particles are located in an atom? Choose one. |
protons, electrons, and neutrons |
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When an atom looses an electron, what happens? Choose one |
it becomes positively charged |
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Olive oil is _____. Choose one |
hydrophobic |
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Which of these organisms is likely to be able to photosynthesize? |
plants algae some kinds of bacteria |
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Sugars are large hydrophylic molecules that are important energy sources for cells. How can they enter cells that possess a very high concentration of sugar already? Choose one |
by active transport |
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Plants have _____ cells and have ______. Choose one |
eukaryotic; a nucleus |
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Which of these organisms is likely to have a cell wall? |
fungi bacteria plants |
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Penicillin interferes with _____ . Choose one |
synthesis of bacterial cell walls made with peptidoglycan |
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Which of the following refer to eukaryotes? |
fungi plants protists animals |
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Which of the following list refers to the major groups of cells on Earth today? |
prokaryote eukaryote |
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Fungi have _____ cells and have ______. Choose one |
eukaryotic; a nucleus |
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Which of the following refer to prokaryotes? |
eubacteria archaeabacteria |
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Bacteria have _____ cells and have ______. Choose one |
prokaryotic; no membrane-bound organelles |
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Viruses have _____ cells and have ______. Choose one |
no; parasitic life cycles |
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Animals have _____ cells and have ______. Choose one |
eukaryotic; a nucleus |
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If the government were to issue tax incentives to reduce obesity in the US, which of the following do you think would be most effective? Choose one. |
paying enhanced salaries for teachers in elementary and middle schools to provide education about diet and nutrition |
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The extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago is thought to have resulted from an asteroid impact that created a massive world-wide cloud of smoke and debris that cut off sunlight from the surface of the planet, creating darkness that lasted for years. Which of the following explanations for the death of all large animals (but not all small animals) is most likely to be true? Choose one. |
the darkness killed the large plants that large dinosaur herbivores ate, and when they died off the large carnivorous dinosaurs starved as well |
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If a person wants to lose weight, which of the following are viable strategies? Choose one. |
substituting plain water for regular soda |
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Which one of the following answers describes what is/are necessary for biofuel production by algae? Choose one. sunlight sugar CO2 soil all of the above a and b a and c |
a and c |
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Glucose is a product of photosynthesis. Where do the carbon atoms in glucose come from? |
some of the molecules in the air carbon dioxide |
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Match the following things to whether they are inputs or outputs of photosynthesis. (Input or Output) oxygen carbondioxide photons glucose water |
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During aerobic respiration, how does NADH give up electrons to regenerate NAD+? Choose one. |
by giving electrons to the electron transport chain |
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Which kind of molecule stores the most energy per gram? Choose one. |
fats (triglycerides) |
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Where in the cell does fermentation take place? Choose one. |
cytoplasm |
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In what organelles would an alga conduct photosynthesis? |
chloroplast |
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What do cyanobacteria, algae, and plants have in common? |
when respiring in the presence of oxygen they produce 38 ATP "energy for work" molecules per glucose "energy storage" molecule broken down they undergo respiration they take in CO2 in photosynthesis they give off CO2 in respiration when photosynthesizing, their ultimate photosythetic product is glucose they release oxygen in photosynthesis they undergo photosynthesis they take in oxygen in respiration when respiring in the absence of oxygen they produce 2 ATP "energy for work" molecules per glucose "energy storage" molecule broken down when respiring in the presence of oxygen they produce 2 ATP "energy for work" molecules per glucose "energy storage" molecule broken down |
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The energy of sunlight exists in the form of |
photons |
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Why are plant leaves green? |
chloroplasts reflect green light |
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Which process is not correctly matched with its cellular location? Choose one. |
glycolysis - mitochondria |
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Photosynthetic algae are... |
eukaryotic autotrophs |
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During aerobic respiration, what molecule has (and carries) electrons stripped from food? Choose one. |
NADH |
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Compared to aerobic respiration, fermentation produces______ATP. Choose one. |
much less |
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What do fish, lions, and humans have in common? |
when respiring in the presence of oxygen they produce 38 ATP "energy for work" molecules per glucose "energy storage" molecule broken down they undergo respiration they give off CO2 in respiration they take in oxygen in respiration they ingest chemical energy in food or from their own photosynthesis when respiring in the absence of oxygen they produce 2 ATP "energy for work" molecules per glucose "energy storage" molecule broken down |
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Faith Way of Knowing |
Willing to accept a way of knowing because it is intuitively satisfying Do not require that all explanations be considered Do not require verification by evidence |
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Philosophical Way of Knowing |
Encourage all possible explanations be considered Evidence may not always be available, but there is a heavy reliance on logic Reliance on logic can have self-bias and we can perceive things as true if we favor them |
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Faith vs Philosophical Way of Knowing |
Faith way of knowing does not require that the all explanation be considered, philosophical way of knowing encourages that all possible explanations be considered Faith way of knowing does not require evidence as verification, philosophical way of knowing realizes that evidence may not always be available therefore they rely heavily on logic |
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Scientific way of knowing |
Evidence is collected to test a hypothesis (Sets it a part from philosophical inquiries) Science seeks to consider all possible explanations (Like philosophical inquiries) Scientific explanations are made through evidence and testing |
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Philosophical vs. Scientific Way of Knowing |
Philosophical way of knowing encourages that all explanations be known however, logic is used a majority of the time, the scientific way of knowing seeks to consider all possible explanations to a problem Philosophical way of knowing uses logic as evidence scientific way tests all known explanations to gain truth |
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Which ways of knowing require that all possible explanations be evaluated? |
Scientific & Philosophical |
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Whichways of knowing require that all possible explanations be tested by collecting evidence? |
Scientific |
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What is the criterion of demarcation? |
The process of determining which hypotheses should be determined scientific and which determined non-scientific |
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What is a hypothesis and its role in science? |
A statement made off of the observation of available evidence that will later be tested through an experiment |
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What is the asymmetry of proof and disproof? |
The activity of disproving a falsehood. Proving or disproving a statement |
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What is science’s more certain capability: proving truthor untruth? |
Proving untruth |
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Why can’t the truth be proven? |
Truth can never be absolutely proven because the truth is proven in that state in time and under those specific conditions |
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How does the “scientific theory” standard of knowledgeaddress the challenge of seeking the true explanation? |
A scientific theory is the seeking of true explanation because it aims to seek true explanation based on testing evidence and hypothesis to prove explanations false or true |
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. “We see and hear what fits our expectations”. What is this problem called and how does it work? Howdoes it affect the presentation of scientific evidence to address social controversies? |
Confirmation Bias: you base evidence on what you already believe, therefore, the information you decipher will be based on what you already believe |
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Describes the sub-atomic particles that make up atoms. |
The sub-atomic particles that make up atoms are protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are located within the nucleus. Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have a neutral charge and electrons have a negative charge. |
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Contrast atoms and molecules. |
An atom is a single atom whereas a molecule is a group of atoms that are connected through a specific bond |
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What are the two kinds of attractions between atoms? |
Ionic- complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms Covalent- sharing of two or more electrons |
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What is a covalent bond? |
strong bond sharing of two or more electrons |
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Why do some covalentbonds create charges and become polar covalent bonds? |
electrons shared unequally by different kinds of atoms,producing + and - partial charges in participating atoms |
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What kind of bond can result from the attractions of two atoms that are already participating in otherpolar-covalent bonds too. Is it strong or weak? |
Hydrogen Bonds (weak bond; attraction between partially charged atoms that are alsoinvolved in a polar covalent bonds with additional atoms) |
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Why do water molecules “stick” to each other? What causes the water tension that enables watersliders to walk on water? |
The stick together because it is a polar molecule. This means that there is a positive charge (the hydrogen) and a negative charge (the oxygen) on the molecule. The negative charge on the oxygen attracts the positive charge on the hydrogens of neighboring molecules. Water tension is caused by tons of hydrogen bonds being joined together because they are very strong |
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How does the presence of an enzyme promote a chemical reaction? What is an active site and howdoes it permit a specific interaction between an enzyme and its substrate, changing the substrate? |
Catalysts lower the activation energy for reactions. The lower the activation energy for a reaction, the faster the rate. Thus enzymes speed up reactions by lowering activation energy. Many enzymes change shape when substrates bind. The molecules that an enzyme works with are called substrates. The substrates bind to a region on the enzyme called the active site. |
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How are energies of reaction reduced by an enzyme and how does this affect whether the chemicalstep if consequently turned on or off? |
Catalysts lower the activation energy for reactions. The lower the activation energy for a reaction, the faster the rate. Thus enzymes speed up reactions by lowering activation energy. Many enzymes change shape when substrates bind. |
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Contrast the size and structures of viruses, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes. Which are cellular? Which isthe most complex and how? |
Prokaryote- no nucleus, no membrane wrapped organelles, small, Single strand DNA Eukaryotes- nucleus, membrane wrapped organelles, big, multi strand DNA Both- Have cytoplasm, plasma membranes, have chromosomes |
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Lytic cycle |
Viral DNA destroy cell DNA, takes over cell function and destroys cell Virus replicates and produced baby viruses Symptoms of viral infection |
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Lysogenic |
Viral DNA merges with cell DNA and does not destroy cell The virus produces offspring There are no symptoms of viral infection |
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How does penicillin act as an antibiotic. Against what organisms is it effective? |
Penicillin interferes with synthesis of the abundant peptidoglycan component of Grampositive bacteria walls. The weakened wall renders the cell vulnerable to rupturingwhen subject to osmotic pressure (excessive uptake of water). |
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What is the most common reason that antibiotics are effective against a bacterium but do not hurt thehost (human patient)? |
The cell walls that surround the bacterium are different the the average cell |
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How is radiant energy captured and converted chemical energy? What is chemical energy? Contrastthe roles of glucose and ATP? How is each made in abundance? |
Radiant energy, carbon dioxide, and water are taken in and glucose and oxygen are given off. Chemical energy are the products given off after photosynthesis. Glucose and ATP are both chemical energy, glucose is given off during the light processes of photosynthesis. ATP is formed during the breakdown of ATP. |
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What is the role of oxygen in photosynthesis, in respiration? What is the role of carbon dioxide inphotosynthesis, in respiration? |
OXYGEN Photosynthesis- oxygen is a product Respiration- Oxygen is used during respiration CARBON DIOXIDE Photosynthesis- CO2 is used during photosynthesis Cellular Respiration- CO2 is given off during cellular respiration |
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What molecules are used to provide chemical energy in a storage form versus those used to provideenergy ready to do work anywhere in the cell? What processes are used to capture radiant energy, toconvert radiant energy to chemical energy, and to convert the storage form of energy into the “ready forwork” form of chemical energy? |
ATP Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration |
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How are biofuels made? |
Sugar crops (such as sugar cane or sugar beet), or starch (like corn or maize) can be fermented to produce ethanol, a liquid fuel commonly used for transportation. Natural oils from plants like oil palm, soybean, or algae can be burned directly in a diesel engine or a furnace, or blended with petroleum, to produce fuels such as biodiesel. Wood and its byproducts can be converted into liquid biofuels, such as methanol or ethanol, or into woodgas. Wood can also be burned as solid fuel, like the familiar firewood. Chipped waste biomass, such as the tops of trees discarded by logging operations, can be burned in specially designed furnaces. |
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What is the French Paradox? Why do American diets result in more weight gain? How do the Frencheat a richer diet but put on less weight? |
French people have a relatively low incidence of coronary heart disease(CHD), while having a diet relatively rich in saturated fats, in apparent contradiction to the widely held belief that the high consumption of such fats is a risk factor for CHD. Even though their diets contain more saturated fat, our diets include much larger portions than theirs Their diet is a richer but they eat less of the rich stuff |
