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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
GLUT5 |
Import of fructose to enterocytes of small intestine from lumen |
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SGLT-1 |
Na+-glucose transport #1 fo glucose and galactose import to enterocytes from lumen |
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GLUT2 |
Glucose transport into enterocytes at high glucose levels from lumen |
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Basal side of enterocyte |
GLUT2 and GLUT5 for efflux of glucose and fructose |
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Apical side of enterocyte |
SGLT1 and GLUT5 for import of glucose, galactose and fructose |
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PEPT1 |
transports di and tripeptides into enterocytes on apical side |
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9 essential amino acids |
K,V,I,L,W,F,M,T,H |
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Vit A fxns |
Vision and gene regulation |
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Vit A deficiency |
Night blindness, epithelial damage |
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Vit D, Calciferol fxn |
Calcium and phosphate absorption |
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Vit D deficiency |
Ricketts |
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Vit C, ascorbic acid fxn |
Antioxidant, connective tissue |
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Biotin fxn |
Coenyme |
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Biotin deficiency |
hair loss, skin problems |
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Vit K fxn |
Blood clotting (menadione) |
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Vit K deficiency |
hemophilia |
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Vit E fxn |
Antioxidant |
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Vit E deficency |
anemia (free radicals) |
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Simple lipids |
Fatty acids, triaglycerol, sterols (cholesterol) |
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Complex |
Phospholipids, Lipoproteins |
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Triaglycerides |
Glycerol backbone + 3 fatty acid chains linked by ester bond |
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Enzyme breaking own triaglyceride |
Lipases |
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Transport of short chain FA and glycerol |
Through blood |
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Transport of long chain FA, monacylglycerides, triglycerides, and cholesterol |
Through ER as chylomicrons, packed in golgi and secreted to lymph |
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Glycerol |
3 Carbon methylene with hydroxyls |
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sn2monoacylglycerol |
acyl fatty acid on middle glycerol carbon |
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What is the gut derived from |
Endoderm |
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3 main regions of the gut |
Foregut, midgut, hindgut |
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What make up the foregut |
Esophagus, stomach, anterior duodenum and it forms the buds for the liver and pancreas |
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WHat make up the midgut |
The posterior part of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum and large intestine |
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Hindgut? |
Colon and rectum |
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How do you increase uptake at the lumen of GI tract (of nutritents) |
increase surface area |
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2 ways that the GI tract has increased surface area |
Long gut length, surface undulations (with folds, microvilli, and villi) |
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What are villi |
Entereocytes lined with microvilli (brush border) |
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Cells in stomach |
Mucous, chief, parietal, entereoendocrine |
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What do mucous cells secrete |
bicarbonate and muscin |
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What does bicarbonate in the stomach do |
Buffer the pH of the stomach for a moer gradual gradient |
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What does muscin in the stomach do |
It is a glycoprotein which is a gel like matrix |
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What do chief cells do |
They secrete protease pepsin |
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What do enteroendocrine cells do |
Secrete hormones into the blood (gastrin) |
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What do parietal cells do |
Excrete HCl, stimulated by hormones |
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Layers of the stomach |
Mucousa, submucosa, smooth muscle |
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Layers of the intestine |
Mucosa, submucosa, circular smooth muscle, longitudinal smooth muscle |
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Cells in intestines |
Entereocytes, goblets, enteroendocrine, pareth, crypt of liberkuhn |
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What do enterocytes in the intestine do? |
Absorption |
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What do Goblet cells in intestine do? |
secrete mucus |
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What do enteroendocrine cells in intestine do? |
Secrete hormones |
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What do pareth cells in the intestine do? |
Secrete antimicrobials like lysozymes |
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What do Crypt of Liberkuhn do? |
Secrete sucrase, maltase, lactase, peptidase |
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What do the longitudinal muscles of intestine do? |
Control length and peristalsis |
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What do the circular muscles of intestine do? |
Control diameter and segmentation |
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Where is the origin of contraction signals? |
Myogenic and neurogenic |
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What is the etwork between muscle layers called? |
Mytenic plexus |
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What innervation is in the mytenic plexus? |
Both para and sympathetic |
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What do bile salts do? |
Help emulsify fat |
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Hormones for short term info about hunger |
Ghrelin, CKK, PYY, (from vagus?) |
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Hormones for long term info about hunger |
leptin |
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POMC neuron more hungry or less |
Decrease appetite |
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NPY neuron more hungry or less |
Stimulate appetite |
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Ghrelin effect |
stimulate relase of NPY |
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CKK |
Inhibit NPY (which then allows POMC to be active) |
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PYY |
Inhibit NPY |
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Leptin |
Inhibit NPY and also activate POMC |
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What part of hypothalamus has receptors for appetite hormones |
Arcuate nucleus |
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Where is leptin from |
white adipose tissue |
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where is ghrelin from |
stomach |
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where is ckk from |
duodenum |
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where is pyy from |
colon |