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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ecology
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The study of how organisms interact with their environment
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Population
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A group of individuals of the same species that lives in the same area at the same time
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Community
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Consists of species that interact with each other within a particular area
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Ecosystem
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Consists of all the organisms in a particular region along with nonliving components
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Abiotic
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Not alive
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Conservation Biology
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The effort to study, preserve, and restore threatened populations
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Biotic
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Living
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Organismal Ecology
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Behavioral, physiological, and morphological ways individuals interact with the environment
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Ethology
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Study of animal behavior, particularly in natural environments
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Proximate Question
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Relate to the stimuli and mechanisms of behaviors.."how"
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Ultimate Questions
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Relate to evolutionary significance of behaviors..."why"
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Behavior
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The response to a stimulus
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Learning
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A change in behavior that results from a specific experience in the life of an individual
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Fixed Action Patterns (FAP's)
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Stereotyped; they are performed the same way every time
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Releaser/Sign Stimuli
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Simple stimuli that trigger stereotyped behavior
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Innate Behavior
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Behavior that is inherited and shows little variation based on learning or the individuals condition
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Optimal Foraging
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Animals should maximize their feeding efficiency
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Classical Conditioning
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Individuals are trained by experience to give the same response to more than one stimulus
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Critical Period/Sensitive Period
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The time when imprinting occurs. It is in the early life of the animal and it is a short interval
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Imprinting
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A type of rapid, irreversible learning in which a young animal learns to recognize the individual caring for it
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Cognition
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The recognition and manipulation of facts about the world, combined with the ability to form concepts and gain insights
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Echolocation
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The use of echoes from vocalization to obtain information about locations of objects in the environment
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Communication
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Any process in which a signal from on individual modifies the behavior of a recipient individual
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Signal
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Any information containing behavior
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Orientation
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A deliberate movement that results in a change in position relative to some external cue
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Taxis
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Involves positioning the body toward or away from a stimulus
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Phototaxis
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Orientation towards light
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Phonotaxis
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Orientation towards sound
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Piloting
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Use of familiar landmarks for navigation
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Migration
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The long-distance movement of a population associated with a change of seasons
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Compass Orientation
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Moment that is oriented in a specific direction for navigation
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True Navigation
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Ability to locate a specific point on Earth's surface
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Circadian Clock
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Maintains a 24-hour rhythm of chemical activity in an organism
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Altruism
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A behavior that has fitness cost to the individual exhibiting the behavior and a fitness benefit to the recipient of the behavior
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Coefficient of Relatedness
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A measure of how closely the actor and beneficiary are related
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Hamilton's Rule
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Individuals can pass their alleles on to the next generation not only by having their own offspring but also by helping close relatives produce more offspring
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Kin Selection
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A form of natural selection that favors traits that increase survival or reproduction of an individuals kin at the expense of the individual
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Reciprocal Altruism
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An exchange of the fitness benefits that are separated in time
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Tinbergen's 4 Questions
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Mechanistic Basis, Development of the Animal, Evolutionary history, and survival and reproduction
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Kinesis
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Change in activity in response to a stimulus
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Habituation
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Loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no information
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Spatial Learning
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Based on experience with spatial structure of the environment
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Cognitive Maps
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Layout of the land
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Classical Conditioning
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A type of learning in which an animal learns to associate two stimuli, so that a response originally given to just one stimulus can be evoked by the second stimulus as well
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