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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
phospholipid bilayer with attached or embedded proteins
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structure of plasma membrane
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molecules that can freely pass plasma membrane
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`oxygen, carbon dioxide, water
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hypotonic solution
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cell has less solute, so water goes in
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hypertonic solution
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water leaves cell and it shrivels
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nucleolus
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ribosomal formation
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ribosomes
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synthesize proteins
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RER
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ribosomes-protein synthesis
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SER
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lipid synthesis
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lysosome
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intercellular digestion
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mitochondria
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powerhouse/ cellular respiration
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atrophy
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decrease in cell size
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hypertrophy
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increase in cell size
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hyperplasia
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increase in cell number due to an increased rate of cell division
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dysplasia
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abnormal size, shape, organization
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neoplasia
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cancerous, malignant, tumors
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atoms
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composed of protons, neutrons and encircled be electrons
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molecules
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formed when atoms join together
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sponch
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sulfur, phophorus, oxygen, nigrogen, carbon, hydrogen
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isotope
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same atom, have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
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ions
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particles with extra or missing election, has a charge and is weaker
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ionic bonds
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formed by the attraction b/t 2 oppositely charged ions, fall apart in water
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covalent
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two atoms share electrons, stable in water. water is covalent
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macromolecules
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polymers composed of many monomers
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carbohydrates
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monosaccharide
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lipids
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glycerol and fatty acids
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nucleic acids
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nucleotide
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dehydration reaction
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synthesizes a macromolecule by removing water to link subunits
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hydrolysis reaction
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degrades macromolecule by adding water to separate subunits
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lipids
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insulation against heat loss; provide long term energy storage; form protective padding around internal organs; lots of energy; don't dissolve in water (no polarity)
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cell division requires
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doubling of cellular organelles (G) doubling of nuclear material (s) synthesis of necessary proteins (g2) all during interphase
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nucleotides
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subunits of DNA
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cytokinesis
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division of cytoplasm and organelles after mitosis
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late interphase
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chromatins condensing into chromosomes
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prophase
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duplicated chromosomes are scattered, become visible
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metaphase
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duplicated chromosomes align at the equator
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anaphase
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sister chromatids separate and daughter chromosomes move to the poles of the spindle
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telophase
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chromosomes arrive at the poles
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crossing-over
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during prophase 1. exchange of genetic material between chromatids to increase variability of gametes
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cyclin
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must be present in the cell for mitosis to occur
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p53
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prepares damage
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polygenic inheritance/multifactorial
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one trait is governed by two or more sets of alleles
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codominance
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allels are equally expressed in a heterozygote (blood types)AB neither A nor B but third phenotype
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incomplete dominance
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heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype, curly hair, red and white flower makes pink
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multiple alleic traits
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gene exists in several allelic forms, example, ABO blood types
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sex influened traits
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ex. balding patterns, one allele in men, 2 in women
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