Bio Chapter 17

Front 1

genetic differences between plants and animals

Back 1

plants live a lot longer, are normally much larger, and plants are capable of creating their own energy through photosynthesis

Front 2

two categories of plants

Back 2

monocots and eudicots

Front 3

coyledon

Back 3

structure within the seed of a plant which usually becomes the first embryonic leaf of a plant

Front 4

monocots

Back 4

plants with one cotyledon is formed
generally have parallel veins in the leaves
vascular tissue is arranged in randomly scattered bundles
flower parts typically occur in multiples of three
generally have fibrous roots

Front 5

dicots

Back 5

plant with two cotyledons that form

Front 6

eudicots

Back 6

LARGE subset of dicots... is a monophyletic group
embryos have two cotyledons
generally have branching veins
vascular tissue is arranged in an orderly ring
flower parts typically occur in multiples of four or five
generally have a taproot

Front 7

dermal tissue

Back 7

covers and protects surface of the plant

Front 8

vascular tissue

Back 8

transports water and nutrients throughout th plant ( veins in the leaves )

Front 9

ground tissue

Back 9

makes up bulk of the plant and is where most of the plant's metabolic actives are carried out ( the veins that run throughout the plant )

Front 10

epidermis

Back 10

dermal tissue usually consists of a single layer of tightly packed, very thin cells

Front 11

cuticle

Back 11

waxy covering the epidermis creates, helps reduce water loss due to evaporation

Front 12

guard cells

Back 12

specialized cells that help regulate the gases coming into and out of the leaves on the epidermis

Front 13

cork cells

Back 13

replace epidermal cells, provide a thicker and more protective covering( on trees it forms on the outer layer of bark)

Front 14

Two types of vascular tissue

Back 14

Xylem and phloem

Front 15

xylem

Back 15

conducts water and dissolved minerals absorbed by the roots to tissues throughout the plant

Front 16

phloem

Back 16

conducts sugar produced by photosynthesis in the leads to tissues throughout the plant

Front 17

what are the xylem and phloem respectively made form

what are sieve tubes

Back 17

cells that are dead- cells that grow close together and form together an outer surface of a pipeline
phloem- cells that remain alive while functioning as another sort of pipe

opening in side wall of phloem in side walls through which sugar can be delivered to cells outside the phloem

Front 18

ground tissue

Back 18

everything that is neither outer covering nor inner vascular tissue

Front 19

parenchyma cells

Back 19

majority of plant tissue, workhorses of the plant body, carry out most of the plant's metabolic activities( apple core)

Front 20

collenchyma cells

Back 20

elongated, stringy cells with thickened walls

Front 21

sclerenchyma cells

Back 21

not living when they are mature, cell walls contain lignin a substance that is one of the chief chemical components of wood

Front 22

three primary functions of rots

Back 22

absorption: water nutrients minerals oxygen
anchorage: keep it rooted
storage: store sugar, later converted into starch

Front 23

Fibrous roots

Back 23

commonly associated with monocots, roots all look similar and branch out similarly

Front 24

taproots

Back 24

characterized by thicker primary roots and small ones branching from them ( eudicots)

Front 25

two portions of the shoot

Back 25

stem and leaves

Front 26

functions of the stem

Back 26

leaf positioning
structural support
distribution of nutrients throughout

Front 27

meristems

Back 27

region of growth implants made up of undifferentiated cells

Front 28

apical meristem

Back 28

tip of a root or stem, here is division of cells

Front 29

lateral meristems

Back 29

consist of a layer of cells , cambium, cause a stem or trot to become thicker as opposed to longer

Front 30

structure sthat help plants resist water loss

Back 30

cuticle- waxy covering the epidermis creates, helps reduce water loss due to evaporation
leaf hairs- some of surface cells on leaves become modified as hairs, hairs reflect sunlight and reduce speed at which breezes move over leaf's surface

Front 31

guard cells

Back 31

serve as back up to cuticle,

Front 32

four factors necessary ofr growth

Back 32

sun, water, good soil, and air

Front 33

hydroponically grown plants

Back 33

grown without soil, grown in water thet has chemicals added

Front 34

composition of soil

Back 34

minerals- 50
water and air- 45-50
organic materials- 1-5%- carbon containing matter, formed from decomposition of dead plants and animals

Front 35

nitrogen fixation

Back 35

nitrogen in the air gets into the ground( not suitable at this point for plant)
Nitrogen BONDS are broken up by bacteria as they penetrate the ground
Nitrogen is converted into molecules with a single nitrogen atom, and is then usable by plants

Front 36

how water is moved throughout a plant

Back 36

evaporation- low water concentration in the air relative to that in the leaf
tension- water molecules form hydro bonds, causing molecules to stick... as one molecule evaporates it creates a tension
cohesion stickiness of the swatter molecules links them together... as one evaporates and pulls up the molecules next to it

Front 37

cohesion tension mechanism

Back 37

is that the plant does not need to expend any energy to pump water and minerals up from the roots to all the cells

Front 38

sugar movement in the phloem

Back 38

at its source sugar is loaded into the phloem, (2) water moves from xylem into phloem by osmosis, b/c sugar concentration, (3) pressure inside phloem goes up as water moves, (4) higher pressure causes fluid in phloem to move throughout th plant, (5) sugar is moved out of the phloem at various locations where it is needed