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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
antigens
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foreign proteins or molecules that are the target of binding by antibodies
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biomanufacturing
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industry focusing on the production of proteins and other products created by biotechnology
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CD4 cells
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referring to human white blood cells, which contain the cell surface recognition protein CD4
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cleavage
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process of splitting the polypeptide into two or more strands
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codon
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a set of three nucleotides on a strand of mRNA that codes for a particular amino acid in a protein chain
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Coomassie® Blue
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a dye that stains proteins blue and allows them to be visualized
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cofactors
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an atom or molecule that an enzyme requires to function
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ELISA
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short for enzyme-linked immunospecific assay, a technique that measures the amount of protein or antibody in a solution
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epitope
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the specific region on a molecule that an antibody binds to
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lock and key model
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a model used to describe how enzymes function, in which the enzyme and substrate make an exact molecular fit at the active site, triggering catalysis
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optimum pH
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the pH at which an enzyme achieves maximum activity
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optimum temperature
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the temperature at which an enzyme achieves maximum activity
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PAGE
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short for polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a process in which proteins and small DNA molecules are separated by electrophoresis on vertical gels made of the synthetic polymer, polyacrylamide
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protein synthesis
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the generation of new proteins from amino acid subunits; in the cell, it includes transcription and translation
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peptidyl transferase
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an enzyme found in the ribosome that builds polypeptide chains by connecting amino acids into long chains through peptide bonds
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phosphorylation
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adding phosphate groups
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polar
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the chemical characteristic of containing both a positive and negative charge on opposite sides of a molecule
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primary structure
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the order and type of amino acids found in a polypeptide chain
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quaternary structure
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the structure of a protein resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide chains
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reverse transcriptase
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an enzyme that transcribes a complementary strand of DNA from a strand of RNA
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denaturation
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the process in which proteins lose their
conformation or three-dimensional shape |
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glycoprotein
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a protein which has had sugar groups added to it
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glycosylated
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descriptive of molecules to which sugar groups have been added
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hybridoma
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a hybrid cell used to generate monoclonal antibodies that results from the fusion of immortal tumor cells with specific antibody-producing white blood cells (B-cells)
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induced fit model
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a model used to describe how enzymes function, in which a substrate squeezes into an active site and induces the enzyme's activity
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monoclonal antibody
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a type of antibody that is directed against a single epitope
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secondary structure
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the structure of a protein (alpha helix and beta sheets) that results from hydrogen bonding
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silver stain
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a stain used for visualizing proteins
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substrate
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the molecule that an enzyme acts on
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Taq polymerase
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a DNA synthesis enzyme that can withstand the high temperatures used in PCR
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taxonomic relationships
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how species are related to one another in terms of evolution
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tertiary structure
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the structure of a protein that results from several interactions, the presence of charged or uncharged "R" groups, and hydrogen bonding
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transcription
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the process of deciphering a DNA nucleotide code and converting it into an RNA nucleotide code; the RNA carries the genetic message to a ribosome for translation into a protein code
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translation
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the process of reading an mRNA nucleotide code and converting it into a sequence of amino acids
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tRNA
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a type of ribonucleic acid (RNA) that shuttles amino acids into the ribosome for protein synthesis
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x-ray crystallography
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a technique used to determine the three-dimensional structure of a protein
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