Bio Ch 4-6

Front 1

What is the cell theory?

Back 1

All organisms are composed of one or more cells

Cells are the smallest living things & are the basic units of organization

Cells arise only by division of a pre-existing living cell

Front 2

As a cell increases in size ____ becomes ____ than the ____

Back 2

Surface area, less, volume

Front 3

SA is proportional to the______________

Volume is proportional to _____________

Back 3

square of the radius, cube of the radius

Front 4

Small cells function______than large cells do

Back 4

more effectively

Front 5

Basic structural similarities of all cells

Back 5

DNA

Cytoplasm

Ribosomes

Plasma membrane

Front 6

Protein components of a cell membrane

Back 6

Transport proteins

receptor proteins

cell surface identity markers

Front 7

Prokaryotic cells

Back 7

Lack

a membrane bound nucleus/organelles

Have

Dna, cytoplasm,cell or plasma membrane, cell wall, ribosomes, nucleoid

Front 8

Eukaryotic cells

Back 8

Have

nucleus, cytoskeleton, organelles, endomembrain system

Front 9

the endomembrane system

Back 9

a series of membranes throughout the cytoplasm

ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes

Front 10

Cellular membranes consist of

Back 10

phospholipid bilayer, interior protein network, cell surface identity markers

Front 11

Phospholipid structure consists of

Back 11

1 molecule of glycerol, 3 carbon polyalcohol, 2 nonpolar hydrophobic fatty acid tails attached to the glycerol

Front 12

phospholipids ____form bilayers

Back 12

spontaneously

Front 13

peripheral membrane proteins

Back 13

Are anchored to one phospolipid in one layer of the membrane

Front 14

Integral membrane proteins

Back 14

Span the entire lipid bilayer membrane

Often forms an a--helical structure

Front 15

Extracellular domain

Back 15

Outside of the cell

Front 16

Cytoplasmic domain

Back 16

Inside of the cell

Front 17

Passive transport

Back 17

Movement of molecules through the membrane that requires no energy, in response to a concentration gradient

Front 18

Simple diffusion

Back 18

net movement of molecules across a membrane from areas of high concentration, to areas of low concentration

Front 19

facilitated diffusion

Back 19

through carrier proteins, that are specific and passive

Front 20

osmosis

Back 20

the movement of water across a membrane from an area of high concentration to low

Front 21

Hypertonic

Back 21

high solute concentration

Front 22

hypotonic

Back 22

lower solute concentration

Front 23

isotonic

Back 23

equal solute concentration (no net movement of water)

Front 24

Active transport

Back 24

uses energy to move materials against a concentration gradient (low to high)

Front 25

sodium potassium pump

Back 25

_active transport, uses antiporter to move 3 sodium ions out, and 2 potassium in , breaks ATP into ADP

Front 26

Coupled transport

Back 26

The energy released (as one molecule moves down its concentration gradient) is used to move a different molecule against its concentration gradient

Front 27

endocytosis

Back 27

Movement of substances into the cell

Occurs when the plasma membrane envelops food particles/liquids.

Front 28

exocytosis

Back 28

movement of substances out of the cell.

Front 29

Phagocytosis

Back 29

Takes in particulate matter

Front 30

Pinocytosis

Back 30

Takes in liquid

Front 31

Oxidation

Back 31

Atom r molecule loses an electron

Front 32

reduction

Back 32

atom or molecule gains an electron

Front 33

Positive Change in free energy

Back 33

products have more free energy than reactants

H is higher or S is lower

endergonic, not spontaneous

Front 34

Negative change in free energy

Back 34

products have less energy than reactants

H is lower or S is higher or both

Exergonic, spontaneous

Front 35

Spontaneous chemical reactions________

Back 35

require activation energy

Front 36

Activation energy

Back 36

The extra energy needed to destabilize existing chemical bonds & initiate a chemical reaction

Front 37

Catalysis

Back 37

the process of influencing the chemical bonds in a way that lowers the activation energy needed to speed up a chemical reaction

Front 38

ATP

Back 38

Adenosine Triphosphate

Front 39

Structure of ATP

Back 39

Ribose ( 5 carbon sugar), Adenine, chain of three phosphates

Front 40

Enzymes

Back 40

molecules that catalyze reactions in living cells

Lower activation energy, are not changed, increase the chemical reaction by a million times

Front 41

Substrate

Back 41

the reactant in an enzymy catalyzed reaction

Front 42

active site

Back 42

a special region on the enzyme that has a shape that fits, binds with specific substrate molecules

Front 43

metabolism

Back 43

all chemical reactions occuring in the organism

Front 44

anabolism

Back 44

chemical reactions that expend energy to build up molecules

Front 45

Catabolism

Back 45

Chemical reactions that harvest energy from chemical bonds to break down molecules