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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the characteristic of a living organisms?
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Reproduce, grow, respond to stimuli, maintain homeostasis, obtain and use energy, adapt, organize structure and grow.
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In evolutionary terms, what cell listed is considered to be most primitive
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prokaryotic
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Mutation is essential to
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evolution
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In a word, evolution means ________.
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Change
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Which kingdom has Eukaryotic members?
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Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Fungi |
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One ml of an experimental drug diluted in a saline solution is injected into 20 pregnant mice to determine possible side effects. Which of the following is a suitable "control" for this experiment?
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20 pregnant mice injected with 1 ml of saline
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A good experiment should look at as many variables as possible. True or False
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False
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Photosynthetic bacteria are examples of autotrophs. True or False?
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True
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Adaptations aid in the survival and reproduction of an organism in a particular environment. True or False?
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True
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Experimentation to answer a scientific question leads to more questions. True or False?
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True
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A cell that lacks membrane-bound organelles is a?
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prokaryotic cell
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A carefully formulated scientific explanation that is based on a large accumulation of observations and is in accord with scientific principles is termed a/an
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Theory
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What is the lowest level of organization?
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Species
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What is metabolism?
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The sum of all chemical reactions taking place in an organism
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What is the correct sequence of increasing organization?
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atom, molecule, organelle, cell
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Why is sweating important?
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its an important mechanism for maintaining temperature homeostasis
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An organism's ability to maintain internal stability when the external environment changes is?
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homeostasis
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the sum total of the chemical activity at the cellular level which enables an organism to meet its nutrient and energy demands is?
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Metabolism
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evolution is described as change from pre-existing life forms to modern day organism. What actually changed?
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genetic make up of the species
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what's important to the theory of evolution?
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1. environmental change
2. variation in traits within a population 3. mutation 4. inheritance of traits |
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Mutation is?
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a change in DNA sequence
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To which kingdom would a multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic organism belong?
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Plantea
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The basic difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell is that the prokaryotic cell:
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Lacks a nuclear envelope
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The Bacteria and Eukarya domains are distinguished by?
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the absence of presence of organelles including a nucleus
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which kingdom possesses unicellular animal like members as well as unicellular plant like members?
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Protista
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What does the scientific method include?
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observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and conclusions
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A scientific Theory is?
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a general explanation for a natural phenomena
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A scientific explanation that is tentative and requires more investigation is termed?
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Hypothesis
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A carefully formulated scientific explanation that is based on a large accumulation of observations and is in accord with scientific principles is?
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Theory
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The concept of evolution is based upon?
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survival and reproductive success of organisms with favorable variations
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the smalles unit of life is
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the cell
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what stores ALL the hereditary info of an organism
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DNA
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A large or small group of similar, interbreeding organisms is?
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species
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A substance that can not be broken down or converted to something else is?
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element
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what determines the atomic number of an atom?
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number of protons in the atomic nucleus
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the chemical properties of an element are determined by the number of ____ its atoms have
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electrons
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the second electron shell is considered full when it contains?
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8 electrons
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what four elements make up approximately 96% of living matter?
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carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen
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the atomic number is based on the number of ___ in the nucleus of the atom?
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protons
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a covalent bond?
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shares electrons
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a ionic bond
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gains or loses electrons
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what is most important when considering the reactivity of an atom?
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atoms are held together by interactions b/t electrons
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for an atom to become stable and unreactive, what must happen?
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its outermost energy shell must be filled with electrons
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and atoms nucleus is composed of?
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protons and neutrons
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ions?
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atoms which have gained or lossed electrons
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the formation of sodium chloride (NaCl) is the result of?
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attraction between opposite charges
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atoms or molecules which have gained or lost electrons are termed?
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ions
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Biological molecules primarily are joined by?
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covalent bonds
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a neutral solution
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has equal amounts of H+ and OH-
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how do buffers work?
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accept of release H+
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what is High Specific Heat?
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water can absorb a lot of energy without changing temperature
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what properties of water enables water to function as a moderator of temp for living things?
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high specific heat, high heat vaporization, and high heat of fusion.
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what does H-O-H represent?
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molecule of water
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polar covalent bonds form when?
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electrons are shared unequally between atoms
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example of equal sharing of electrosn
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C-H
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example of polar covalent bonding
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H20
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what bonds are easily disrupted in water solutions?
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ionic
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what type of bond is the most important?
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covalent bc its the strongest
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what bonds would be least affected by water?
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non polar
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best explains the attraction of water molecules to each other
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hydrogen bond
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if sulful has and atomic # of 16, how many covalent bonds does it form?
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2
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the part of the atom of greatest biological intrest is?
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electron
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a single covalent chemical bond represents the sharing of how many electrons?
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2
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polar molecules..
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have an unequal distribution of electric charge
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the hydrogen bond between two water molecules arises because water is?
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polar
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____ often form as a result of polar bonds
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hydrogen bonds
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water molecules are?
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uncharged and polar
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example of hydrogen bonding?
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the bond b/t O of one water and H of a second water molecule
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the attraction b/t a slight positive charge on a hydrogen atom and a slight negative charge of a nearby atom is a?
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hydrogen bond
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molecules that are electrically attracted to water molecules are?
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hydrophillic
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the fact that salt dissolves in water is best explained by?
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the polar nature of water molecules
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hydrophilic molecules:
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form hydrogen bonds among themselves and are neutral and polar
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water is considered a good solvent bc..
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it can hydrogen bond with other polar molecules and it dissolves ionically bonded molecules
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water moves through a plant bc of the property of:
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cohesion
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why are water molecules cohesive?
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bc they form hydrogen bonds
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as ice melts..
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it absorbs heat from its surroundings
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what determines the cohesiveness of water molecules
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hydrogen bonds
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what property of water give rise to capillary action?
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water can form hydrogen bonds
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what property of water is responsible for the ability of plants to get water from their roots up to their leaves?
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cohesion
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what are two main common features of organic molecules?
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carbon skeleton and functional groups
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polymers are long chains of...
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monomers subunits
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large biological molecules are synthesized by removing..
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water
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what type of chemical reaction results in the breakdown of organic polymers into their subunits
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hydrolysis
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what do carbs, lipids and protein have in common?
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their monomers form polymers by way of condensation.
covalent bonds hold them together. they all have a carbon backbone with various functional groups attached |
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protein and amino acids
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is an organic polymer with its respective monomoer
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the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis is?
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dehydration reactions assemble polymers and hydrolysis breaks them down
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in condensation reactions, the atoms that make up a water molecule are derived from..
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both of the reactants
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the highly branched polysaccharide that stores glucose in the muscle and liver of animals is?
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glycogen
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starch is to glycogen as oil is to
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fat
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the fiber in your diet is really
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cellulose
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chitin is an example of a
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polymer, polysaccaride, and a carb
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where is glycogen stored in animals?
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liver and muscle
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an example of structural polysaccharide is:
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chitin
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what provides long term energy storage for plants?
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starch
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what are the four major types of macromolecules?
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carbs, lipids, protein and nucleic acid
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what are the two main functions of carbs in a living system?
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as energy storage and for structural support
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what type of lipid is most important in biological membranes?
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phospholipids
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lipids are ____ in water
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insouluble
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what group is crucial to the structure and function of the cell membrane?
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lipids
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protein has __ levels of structure
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4
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this group contains coded genetic info
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nucleic acid
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cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen and ecdysone are all examples of?
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steroids
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how does one account for the nonpolar, hydrophobic nature of fats?
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carbon and hydrogen atoms share electrons equally
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of what are fats composed?
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3 fatty acids and one glycerol
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phospholipids are unusual and important to cell structure because...
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they have a polar and nonpolar end
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fatty acids with more that one carbon-carbon double bond are called
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polyunsaturated
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what 2 organic compounds typicallly provide energy for living systems?
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fats and polysaccharides
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the group of biological molecules most diverse function is:
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proteins
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organism contain thousand of different proteins composed of __ amino acids
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20
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what determines the specific function of a protein?/
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exact sequence of amino acids
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peptide bond forms between which groups?
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carboxly and amino acids
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what maintains the secondary structure of protein?
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hydrogen bonds
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the linear arrangment of amino acids in the polypeptide chain is referred to as the ?
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primary structure of the protein
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in the final 3-D structure of a protein, ___ amino acids are more likely to be found here
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hydrophobic
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complex 3-D tertiary structures of globular proteins are characterized as
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disulfide bridges
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hemoglobin represents which level of protein organization??
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Quaternary structure
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what is an example of protein?
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hemoglobin
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what type of molecule would be most abundant in a typical cell?
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water
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the "backbone" of a nucleic acid molecule is made of
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altering sugar and phosphate groups
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DNA carries genetic info in its
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sequence of bases
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where do covalent bonds form b/t two deoxyribose nucleotides?
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b/t deoxyribose and a phosphate group
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adenosine triphosphate is an example of ?
(atp) |
nucleic acid
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a nucleic acid is
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phosphate, sugar , base
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A good experiment should look at ___ variables at a time.
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1
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Photosynthetic bacteria are examples of
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autotrophs
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___ aid in the survival and reproduction of an organism in a particular environment
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Adaptations
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Experimentation to answer a scientific question leads to...
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more questions
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The main difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph
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how they obtain energy
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A hypothesis is much more ___ than a scientific theory
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specific
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___ is essential in living systems to maintain a constant pH
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A buffer
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An ___ is the fundamental structural unit of matter. True or False?
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atom
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denaturing means?
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is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose their tertiary structure and secondary structure by application of some external stress or compound, such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent or heat.
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what molecule is the disaccharide
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sucrose
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