Bio Cards For Exam 3

Front 1

lophotrochozoan

Back 1

the presence of a feeding structure called
a lophophore and a type of larva called a
trochophore.

Front 2

lophophore

Back 2

a specialized structure that
rings the mouth of these animals and functions
in suspension feeding

Front 3

Trocophores

Back 3

a type of larva common to
several phyla of lophotrochozoa

Front 4

contrast between
lophotrochozoans and ecdysozoans

Back 4

their methods of growth

Front 5

Ecdysozoans

Back 5

~grow by molting— shedding of
the soft cuticle or hard exoskeleton
~The most prominent of the seven ecdysozoan
phyla are the roundworms (Nematoda) and the
arthropods (Arthropoda).

Front 6

Protostome Body Plan

Back 6

wormlike
bodies with a basic tube-within-atube
design

Front 7

proboscis

Back 7

an extended
structure which forms a gutter leading to the
mouth.

Front 8

Echiurans have a ________

Back 8

proboscis

Front 9

Priapulids

Back 9

have a toothed throat that can be
turned inside out to grab prey and then
retracted

Front 10

Nemerteans

Back 10

have a barb-tipped proboscis that
extends and spears or entangles the prey and
then retracts.

Front 11

parthenogenesis

Back 11

unfertilized eggs develop into offspring.

Front 12

Rotifers

Back 12

have a cluster of cilia at their
anterior end called a corona that is used
for suspension feeding

Front 13

turbellarians

Back 13

the free-living flatworms

Front 14

cestodes

Back 14

the endoparasitic tapeworms

Front 15

trematodes

Back 15

the endo- or ectoparasitic flukes

Front 16

Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)

Back 16

• Flatworms have a broad, flattened body
shape with a large surface area for gas
exchange.
• Flatworms lack a lophophore and have a
digestive tract with only one opening for
ingestion of food and elimination of wastes

Front 17

Annelida (Segmented Worms)

Back 17

• Annelids have a segmented body plan and a
coelom that functions as a hydrostatic
skeleton.

Front 18

Polychaeta

Back 18

• named for their numerous, bristle-like
extensions called chaetae.
• They are mostly marine, and can range from 1
mm to 3.5 m in size.

Front 19

Clitellata

Back 19

– composed of the oligochaetes and leeches.
– Oligochaetes include the earthworms, which
burrow in moist soils.
– Leeches live in freshwater as well as marine
habitats.

Front 20

Molluscs

Back 20

are by far the most species-rich
(93,000 to date) and morphologically
diverse group in the Lophotrochozoa.
• Most molluscs live in marine environments,
although there are some terrestrial and
freshwater forms.

Front 21

Bivalvia (Clams, Mussels,
Scallops, Oysters)

Back 21

• The bivalves have two separate shells,
made of calcium carbonate, that are
hinged.
• Suspension feeders
• Most bivalves live in the ocean, although
there are freshwater forms.
• Only external sexual reproduction occurs in
bivalves.

Front 22

Gastropodia (Snails, Slugs, Nudibranchs)

Back 22

• About 70,000 species are known; there are
both terrestrial and marine gastropods.
• These organisms have a large muscular foot
on their ventral side, and many lack shells.
During gastropod development, a process
called torsion rotates the visceral mass.
• Gastropods and other molluscs have a
unique structure in their mouths called a
radula to scrape away food.
• Most gastropod reproduction is sexual

Front 23

Polyplacophora (Chitons)

Back 23

• Chitons have eight calcium carbonate
plates along their dorsal side that form a
protective shell.
• The approximately 1000 species of chitons
are marine. They are usually found in the
intertidal zone.
• Reproduction is sexual and external; many
chiton species have trochophore larvae

Front 24

Cephalopoda (Nautilus, Cuttlefish, Squid, Octopuses)

Back 24

• Except for the nautilus, cephalopods have
either highly reduced shells or none at all.
• They also have large brains and eyes with
sophisticated lenses. They are highly
intelligent predators that hunt by sight and
use their tentacles to capture prey.
• Cephalopods have a radula and a beak
that can exert powerful biting forces.
• Reproduction is sexual and internal
via a spermatophore packet

Front 25

onychophorans, or velvet worms

Back 25

small, caterpillar-like organisms that live in moist leaf
litter and prey on small invertebrates

Front 26

The tardigrades, or water bears

Back 26

microscopic animals that live in bottom habitats of marine or
freshwater environments. Most feed by sucking
fluids from plants or animals.

Front 27

The onychophorans and the tardigrades

Back 27

similar to arthropods in having a segmented body and
limbs. However, their limbs are not jointed and
they do not have an exoskeleton.

Front 28

Nematoda (Roundworms)

Back 28

• Of the 25,000 species of nematodes, most
are free-living, although a few are parasitic
and cause disease in humans. They are
found in virtually every habitat, often in
great abundance.
• Nematodes are unsegmented worms with a
pseudocoelom, a tube-within-a-tube body
plan, and no appendages.

Front 29

Arthropoda (Arthropods)

Back 29

are distinguished by segmented
bodies and complex, jointed exoskeletons.
They are organized into head and trunk
regions; at least some trunk segments
produce paired, jointed appendages.
• Metamorphosis is common

Front 30

Chelicerata (Spiders, Ticks, Mites)

Back 30

Chelicerata (Spiders, Ticks, Mites)
• Most of the 70,000 species of chelicerates are
terrestrial, although the horseshoe crabs and sea
spiders are marine

Front 31

chelicerae

Back 31

found near the mouth that are used in
feeding, defense, copulation, movement, or
sensory reception.

Front 32

Insects

Back 32

distinguished by having head, thorax,
and abdomen body regions, with three pairs of
walking legs on the ventral side of the thorax. In
most species, two pairs of wings are mounted on
the dorsal side of the thorax.
• Typically the head contains a total of four sets of
mouthparts, a pair of antennae, and a pair of
compound eyes.

Front 33

visceral mass

Back 33

the region containing most of
the internal organs and external gill

Front 34

mantle

Back 34

a tissue layer that covers the visceral mass and secretes a shell in some species

Front 35

hemocoel

Back 35

provides space for internal organs and circulation of fluids

Front 36

pseudocoelom

Back 36

which forms from an opening
that originates between the ectoderm and
mesoderm layers, arose independently in rotifers
and ecdysozoans.

Front 37

acoelomate

Back 37

lacking a body cavity

Front 38

Archaebacteria

Back 38

group of prokaryotes living in very strange environments
and with very distinct rRNAs

Front 39

pathogenic

Back 39

Bacteria that cause disease

Front 40

Robert Koch, germ theory of disease

Back 40

which holds that infectious diseases are caused by
bacteria and viruses (acellular particles that
parasitize cells).

Front 41

Bioremediation

Back 41

the use of bacteria and archaea
to degrade pollutants

Front 42

Cyanobacteria

Back 42

a lineage of photosynthetic
bacteria, were the first organisms to perform
oxygenic (oxygen-producing) photosynthesis

Front 43

Gram-positive cells

Back 43

have a cell wall containing an extensive amount of a
carbohydrate called peptidoglycan

Front 44

Gram-negative cells

Back 44

have a cell wall with two
components, a thin layer containing peptidoglycan
and an outer phospholipid bilayer

Front 45

A foodweb can be structured into______

Back 45

trophic (feeding) levels

Front 46

Feeding relationships

Back 46

determine the flows of energy and materials through a community

Front 47

If (a) Consumption of resources must lower resource levels, and lower resource levels must lower population growth rates occurs
Or (b) interference (fighting, scaring etc), must lower access to resources and so lower population growth rates it causes ______

Back 47

competition in the same trophic level

Front 48

If (a) The nth level may control populations in the n – 1st level
reducing competition between them happens or
(b) Through selective predation, the nth level may alter the
competitive balance of the n – 1st level preventing
competitive dominance and promoting coexistence then_________

Back 48

The Higher trophic levels are effecting the lower trophic levels

Front 49

A predator of a species may increase in abundance when its prey increases in abundance, making it more dangerous to the prey. If a
predator has two or more prey species, increases in abundance of one prey species can lead to increases in the predator, making it more dangerous to all prey species. This is phenomenon is called__________

Back 49

apparent competition

Front 50

Removal or serious harm to nth level can lead to increased
abundances in the n – 1st level, and then reduced abundances in
the n – 2nd level, etc. This is known as_______

Back 50

a trophic cascade

Front 51

Deliberate manipulation of predators, parasitoid or disease populations to control pests is called_________

Back 51

biological control

Front 52

Mutualism:______

Back 52

both species benefit from the interaction, e.g.

Front 53

Amensalism:______

Back 53

one species is harmed, the other unaffected, e.g.

Front 54

Commensalism:______

Back 54

one benefits, the other unaffected

Front 55

The mammals of North and South America mostly owe their similarities and differences to

A) generally similar geography; but the absence of tropical areas in North America
B) generally similar geography; but the absence of large regions at high latitude in South America
C) long isolation and recent connection in the last few million years
D) the inability of south American species, such as llamas, tapirs, and peccaries, to cross southwest deserts, but free migration of many other species

Back 55

C

Front 56

Adaptive radiation

A) has led to similar diversities of ecological roles to be filled in different biogeographic regions by groups of species with different evolutionary origins
B) is the process by which a species becomes adapted to the same ecological role as a different species in a different geographic region
C) is the process by which different diversities of ecological roles are filled in different biogeographic regions by groups of species with the same evolutionary origin
D) is the process by which a species becomes adapted to different ecological roles in different geographic regions

Back 56

A

Front 57

New Guinea has similar fauna and flora to Australia because

A) New Guinea is very similar in climate to tropical Australia
B) New Guinea is close enough to Australia for many species to swim across or be carried on vegetation rafts following landslides into the sea
C) New Guinea is connected to Australia in glacial times
D) seafaring Polynesians brought many invasive species from New Guinea to tropical Australia

Back 57

C

Front 58

The presence of related large flightless birds in South America, Africa and Australia is explained by

A) convergent evolution
B) climate similarities
C) lowering of sea level during glacial periods joining these three continents
D) continental drift

Back 58

D

Front 59

Biomes are defined primarily by
A) shared evolutionary history of the component species
B) vegetation type
C) climate and geology
D) biogeographic region and climate

Back 59

B

Front 60

The biome of much of the eastern USA is described as
A) temperate deciduous forest
B) the corn belt
C) boreal forest
D) the nearctic region

Back 60

A

Front 61

Species diversity
A) has a generally positive relationship with area, and the slope of the relationship, on a log scale, is greater for isolated areas than for areas within the same landmass.
B) has a generally positive relationship with area, and the slope of the relationship, on a log scale, is flatter for isolated areas than for areas within the same landmass
C) has no consistent relationship with area because climate differences between areas rule out the possibility of any strong relationship
D) has no consistent relationship with area because human activities have caused major extinctions on some landmasses

Back 61

A

Front 62

As the result of human activities
A) speciation rates have declined
B) extinction rates for some taxa, such as Hawaiian birds, have increased, but are unchanged for most terrestrial taxa
C) extinction rates greatly exceed speciation rates
D) habitat diversity has increased, and a consequence, speciation rates exceed extinction rates.

Back 62

C

Front 63

Biogeographic theory presented in the lecture (in contrast to the book) predicts that
A) saving 20% of the land area of the earth in national parks should be sufficient to save most species from extinction
B) much conservation must take place outside of national parks and reserves if biodiversity of the earth is to be preserved
C) we should not be concerned about current high rates of species extinctions because more species will evolve
D) smaller reserves are necessary for conservation in Britain because it has a flatter species-area relationship than other land areas

Back 63

B

Front 64

The most immediate causes of species extinctions from recent human activities are
A) Climate change, introduction of invasive species and hunting
B) Habitat loss, habitat degradation and loss of connections between habitat areas
C) Changing patterns of disturbance, fire and climate change
D) Invasive species, hunting, and pollution

Back 64

B

Front 65

Suggestion that:
- the creation of species is spread out in space
- perhaps species become
modified over time.

Back 65

Buffon

Front 66

- The Classical view
• Buffon 1770
• Erasmus Darwin 1770
• Lamarck 1810

Back 66

order of evolutionary thought

Front 67

The idea that Living organisms are constant and unchanging is _______

Back 67

The Classical View

Front 68

Suggested that all
organisms had a common ancestor____

Back 68

Erasmus Darwin

Front 69

Suggested that
- life had been
gradually improving.
-species change over time and that the environment was a factor in this change.

Back 69

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

Front 70

_____ Defined Evolution as descent with
modification.

Back 70

Charles Darwin

Front 71

-Vestigial Organs
-Homologous structures
and
-The Hard Evidence
for evolution

Back 71

Evidence from Functional
Morphology/ of evolution

Front 72

Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. Specifically,
during development (ontogeny) the embryo seems to pass
through stages represented by adult organisms of more
primitive species (i.e., the phylogeny) _______

Back 72

Haeckel
Two early “laws” of development
-later disproved

Front 73

the features that
distinguish between different species tend to arise late
in development.

Back 73

von Baer's Law

Front 74

_____use light energy to promote electrons to the
top of electron transport chains. ATP is then produced byphotophosphorylation.

Back 74

Phototrophs

Front 75

____ oxidize organic molecules with high potential energy. ATP may be produced by cellular respiration using sugars as electron donors or by fermentation pathways.

Back 75

Chemoorganotrophs

Front 76

____oxidize inorganic olecules with high potential energy. ATP is produced by cellular respiration with inorganic compounds serving as the electron donor.

Back 76

Chemolithotrophs

Front 77

• Rod-shaped or spherical, gram-positive
• Important soil components
• Anthrax, botulism, tetanus, gangrene
• Baccillus thurinigensis an organic insecticide
• Lactobacillus ferment milk to yogurt or cheese

Back 77

Firmicutes

Front 78

• Corkscrew shape
• Common in aquatic habitats
• Syphilis, Lyme disease

Back 78

Spirochaetes

Front 79

• Rods and filaments, gram-positive
• Rich source of antibiotics from genus Streptomyces (streptomycin, tetracycline)
• Tuberculosis and leprosy

Back 79

Actinobacteria

Front 80

• Historically called “blue-green algae”
• Oxygenic photosynthesis, fix nitrogen
• Produce much of the earth’s oxygen and fixed nitrogen
• Form lichens by living with fungi

Back 80

Cyanobacteria

Front 81

• Spherical and very small
• All known species live as parasites inside host cells
• Chlamydia tranchomatis
– most common cause of blindness in human
– STD with serious urogenital tract infection

Back 81

Chlamydiales

Front 82

• Major group, 5+ subgroups, diverse shapes
• Apparent ancestor of mitochondrial genome
• E. coli
• Wolbachia -- an insect STD
• Legionnarie’s disease, cholera, gonorthea, uclers,
diarthea
• Agrobacterium used as a shuttle vector for
genetic engineering of crops
• Rhizobium -- lives in root nodules and fixes
nitrogen

Back 82

Proeobacteria

Front 83

• Archaea live in virtually every habitat, including extreme environments
• However (todate!!), there are no known parasitic archaea.
• Major explorations still underway for this group, and may phylogenetic changes
expected!

Back 83

Archaea

Front 84

_______ = all eukaryotes EXCEPT
green plants, animals & fungi

Back 84

Protists

Front 85

Thus protists are a grouping of
_____, NOT a natural
evolutionary grouping

Back 85

- convenience

- No single synapomorphy (shared
derived trait) unites all protists

Front 86

_____ group = A B C D
all the descendants of a single common ancestor Examples:
ABCD; BCD; CD

Back 86

Monophyletic

Front 87

____ group = Some, BUT NOT ALL descendants of a single common ancestor Examples:
ACD; BD;

Back 87

Paraphyletic

Front 88

Protists are particularly abundant in_____ environments

Back 88

Aquatic

Front 89

______________
Important agents of disease
– Irish potato famine (Phytophthora infesans)
– Malaria (Plasmodium)
– “red tides” dinoflagellates
– “Montezuma’s revenge” (Entamoeba histolytica)
– Sleeping sickness (Typanosoma)
– Goardia (backpacker’s diarrhea)

Back 89

Importance of Protists

Front 90

___________

• Separates DNA replication and repair from translation
• Allows for RNA processing
• One hypothesis: derived from
infolding of the plasma membrane

Back 90

nuclear membrane

Front 91

______

• The mitochondrion and the chloroplast genomes are bacterial in structure • Endosymbiosis hypothesis:
• Both derived originally from bacteria engulfed by a primate eukaryote

Back 91

organelles

Front 92

_________

– Make your own food

Back 92

• Photosynthesis

Front 93

___________

– Pseudopodia to engulf food
– Ciliary currents to sweep food into gullet

Back 93

Ingestive feeding

Front 94

_______________

– Take food directly through membrane
– Decomposers
– Parasites

Back 94

• Absorptive feeding

Front 95

_______________
Each cell has two nuclei, each associated with four flagella
Very deep-branching early eukaryote

Back 95

Diplomonadida

Front 96

_____________
• Freshwater and marine
• Roughly 30% do photosynthesis, all feed by ingestion

Back 96

Euglenida

Front 97

_____________
• Fresh and salt water, wet soils
• Covered with cilia
• Micro and macronucleus

Back 97

Ciliata

Front 98

________________
• Marine and freshwater, Roughly 50% photosynthetic
• Two sets of flagella
• Some show bioluminescence
• Cause of red tides

Back 98

Dinoflagellata

Front 99

___________
• Silicon-rich shell (test)
• Photosynthetic
• Most important producer of carbon compounds in fresh and salt water

Back 99

Diatoms

Front 100

___________
• Foramen = hole for the holes in the test
through which pseudopodia emerge
• Extensive record (over 530 MY) in the fossil record

Back 100

Foraminifera

Front 101

______________
The molecular data shows that
They have a more recent
common ancestor to animals
than they do to plants
Amoeba and slime-molds
Originally thought to be very primitive (i.e., very distant common ancestor with animals.

Back 101

Amoeoboza

Front 102

Saprophytes

Back 102

are fungi that make their living by
digesting dead plant material

Front 103

Septa

Back 103

holes

Front 104

Hyphae

Back 104

– Individual filaments

Front 105

Fungi synthesize and secrete enzymes outsidetheir hyphae. The resulting compounds are then absorbed by the hyphae. This is called_____

Back 105

extracellular digestion

Front 106

– Hypae of different mating types yoked
together

Back 106

• Zygosporangium

Front 107

– Spores formed on little pedestals

Back 107

• Basidia

Front 108

– Spores formed in sacs

Back 108

• Asci

Front 109

– Only fungi with motile cells, as they produce spores and
gametes with flagella

Back 109

Chytridiomycota (chytrids)

Front 110

– Basidia form at the ends of hyphae and produce spores

Back 110

Basidiomycota (club fungi)

Front 111

– Tips of hyphae produce distinctive saclike cells, called
asci, that generate spores

Back 111

Ascomycota (sack fungi)

Front 112

• single celled and parasitic, with a polar tube that allows
them to enter the interior of the cells they parasitize
• have a dramatically reduced genome and lack functioning mitochondria.

Back 112

Microsporidia

Front 113

• largely aquatic, and are particularly common in freshwater environments.
• Members of this group are the only fungi that can produce motile cells.
• Most species produce spores that swim to new habitats via a flagellum.

Back 113

Chytridiomycota (Chytrids)

Front 114

•are primarily soil dwellers
• Zygosporangium
• Many are saprophytes, some areparasitic, and some are predatory.

Back 114

Zygomycota

Front 115

• During sexual reproduction, all basidiomycetes produce basidia. The largest subgroup in this lineage form basidia in large, aboveground mushrooms, brackets, earthstars, or puffballs.

Back 115

Basidiomycota (Club Fungi)

Front 116

• Over half of all known fungi belong to the ______.
• Form an ascus
• Penicillium
• Aspergillus
– Major source of citric acid to favor soft drinks
• Saccharomyces cervisiae
– Brewing, baking, wine-making
– Model organism for research

Back 116

Ascomycota (Sac Fungi)