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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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holistic |
inclusive, broad (what differentiates anthropology from other specific studies of people |
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cultural anthropology |
study of living groups |
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ecofacts |
organic remains left by humans (ex: plants, charcoal, animal bones, coprolites, burials, etc) |
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physical anthropology (biological) |
study of human origins and biological variations, past and present. specialties: genetics, human variation, primateology, paleoanthropology, human osteology |
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archaeology |
study of past people by examining remains |
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linguistics |
study of human speech and communication |
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historical archaeology |
study of the past since written records (after "New World" 1492) |
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prehistoric archaelogy |
study of past BEFORE written records |
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applied anthropology |
application of anthropological methods and theories to real-world problems |
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artifacts |
objects made by humans: tools, pottery, clothing, shelter, etc |
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coprolites |
fossilized poop |
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evolution |
biological change through time |
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niche |
a position or function of a species within an ecological community |
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adaptive radiation |
concept by Darwin that says nature experiences rapid expansion and diversification of an evolving group of organisms as they adapt as they adapt to new niches (way of life of an organism) |
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natural selection |
changes in characteristics of a population are due to differences in fertility (# of babies) and mortality (# of deaths) among those certain |
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catastrophism |
theory proposed by Cuvier that species change follows major environmental events |
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Georges Cuvier |
(late 1700's/early 1800's) proposed catastrophism |
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stratigraphy |
idea proposed by Nicholas Steno that the earth had identifiable layers |
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Nicholas Steno |
(1669) proposed the idea of stratigraphy |
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Carolus Linnaeus |
(1758) Karl von Linne; introduced binomial nomenclature and changed his name in accordance to advertise his idea |
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binomial nomenclature |
Latin-based two-name classification of organisms |
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Charles Darwin |
(1859) theory of natural selection; adaptive radiation |
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fixity of species |
species don't change from the way GOD made them |
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taxonomy |
classifacation |
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Stephen Jay Gould |
(1970's) Neil Degrasse Tyson of his time; proposed punctuated equilibrium |
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uniformitarianism |
the theory proposed by Charles Lyell that changes in the earth's crust during geological history have resulted from the action of continuous and uniform processes; forces that altered the earth in the past operate the same way today (ex: Yosemite/Grand Canyon vs current West Cliff erosion) |
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deep time/gradualism |
earth result of very slow geological change (proposed by Charles Lyell) |
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Charles Lyell |
(1830-1833) a) uniformitarianism b) deep time/gradualism |
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Big Bang |
~15 billion years ago, formed universe |
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punctuated equilibrium |
species remain stable, changing only gradually until a major environmental event--at that point, species arise suddenly (proposed by Gould) |
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HOW OLD IS THE EARTH? |
~4.5 billion years old |
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HOW OLD ARE HUMANS? |
First humanoids: ~5 mya First fully modern humans (backed by genetic and fossil evidence): 200,000 years ago |
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species |
a group of organisms that can breed to produce fertile offspring (ex. domestic dogs and coyotes) |
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hybrid |
cross between species that cannot produce fertile offspring (ex. ligers, mules) |
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peppered moth |
ex of nat. selection w/in a species of moth in London: black moths were more commonly eaten by birds because they stood out against the white trees, when the trees became covered in soot, the white moths then stood out and were the ones that got eaten, making most of the population black, which then reproduced more black moths |
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orthogenisis |
a theory that variations in evolution follow a particular direction and are not merely sporadic and fortuitous. |
