Bio Anth Exam 3

Front 1

Physical traits that distinguish Homo

Back 1

-larger (over 500ccs) and more rounded braincase
-smaller, less prognathic face
-smaller teeth
-parabolic dental arcase
-increases in body size
-modern-style bipedalism

Front 2

Behavioral traits that distinguish Homo

Back 2

-foraging strategy (more dependent on animal protein)
-nature of foraging (hunters? scavengers?) up for debate
-greater ranging area (moving outside of Africa)
-more extra oral processing (processing of food with tools [cooking? pounding?] before eating it)

Front 3

What people THINK are traits that characterize Homo (but they're wrong!)?

Back 3

-large brain size (many had small brains)
-tool use (first tool use was Australopithecus gachi 2.5 mya)

Front 4

Homo habilis 1470 (lies! liesss!)

Back 4

Homo rudolfensis, 1.8mya

-brain size: 775ccs
-no real browridges above orbits
-large, flat face
-larger teeth

sympatric speciation with 1813: two different species in same geographic area in same time

Front 5

Homo habilis 1813

Back 5

Homo habilis, 1.8 - 1.9mya

-510 ccs
-moderate browridges
-small face, smaller teeth
-more ape-like postcranium

sympatric speciation with 1470: two different species in same geographic area in same time

Front 6

Oldowan Industry

Back 6

Oldest group.

2.5 - 1.5 mya

modified cores -> hit one rock with another, get sharp flakes

Tools: Hammerstone (stone in hand), anvil (stone on ground), microliths (chips that come off)

Indicators that they were being used: cut marks on surface of bone

Associated with early Homo.

Front 7

Power scavenging versus passive scavenging

Back 7

power scavenging = scare away larger animals that made the kill

passive scavenger = wait until hunter has gone away

Indicators: carnivore consumption species (which parts of carcass are eaten first)

Stealing tree-stored leopard kills?

Front 8

Archeulean Industry

Back 8

1.8mya - 250kya

Hand-axes (not found in Asia!)
Movius line divides distribution of hand-axes across old world (did they migrate out of Africa before invention?)

Flakes and bifacial (2-sided) tools

Associated with Homo ergaster and Homo erectus

Front 9

Mousterian

Back 9

Smaller stone 'blades' with long edges, made through a process that more efficiently produces sharp edges from a given core.

Front 10

Early Stone Age (or Lower Paleolithic)

Back 10

Oldowan and Acheulean (2.5mya - 250kya) together (ESA in Africa, lower paleolithic outside of Africa)

Front 11

cleaver

Back 11

Type of Acheulean bifacial tool, usually oblong with a broad cutting edge on one end.

Front 12

hand axe

Back 12

Type of Acheulean bifacial tool, usually teardrop-shaped, with a long cutting edge.

Front 13

Middle Stone Age and Middle Paleolithic (in middle pleistocene)

Back 13

Levallois technique and organic wood tools!

Front 14

Levallois technique

Back 14

having a prepared core. modified the core so that flakes were knocked off were a specific shape.

-retouching: when a tool dulls, you can make it sharper.

Front 15

middle stone age organic wood tools

Back 15

-Schoningen, Germany 400kya
-long (6 - 7 feet) spears from tree trunk
-shorter, double-edged sticks (throwing spear?)
-smaller branches with grooves

Significance: could now hunt BIG game!
-500 - 400kya
-Evidence that tongue and eyes removed with tools
-projectile wounds in animal remains (throwing stick, spear, don't need to get close to the animal you're killing)
-butchery of animals in the prime of life (not limited to oldest and youngest animals)
-BUT, scavenging still very importante.

Front 16

Significance of wooden tools in middle paleolithic

Back 16

could now hunt BIG game!
-500 - 400kya
-Evidence that tongue and eyes removed with tools
-projectile wounds in animal remains (throwing stick, spear, don't need to get close to the animal you're killing)
-butchery of animals in the prime of life (not limited to oldest and youngest animals)
-BUT, scavenging still very importante.

Front 17

Upper Paleolithic and Later Stone Age

Back 17

All later anatomically modern humans and a few later Neandertals.

-blades: flakes twice as long as they are wide

-microliths: small, flaked tools most likely designed to be attached to wood or bone (including arrowheads)

-greater use of non-stone tools (bone, ivory, antler, and shell). they were ground, polished, and drilled to make harpoons, spears, awls, needles, and buttons

Front 18

blades

Back 18

flakes that are twice as long as they are wide

Front 19

microliths

Back 19

Feature of Upper Paleolithic and Later Stone Age, 25kya. Small, flaked tools probably designed to be attached to wood or bones

Front 20

arrowheads

Back 20

a type of microlyth appearing for the first time around 13kya - 10kya

Front 21

Anatomical features of Homo erectus

Back 21

-large body and brain (900ccs average). Range between 700ccs and 1200ccs. Has not increased disproportionate to body size.
-uniquely-shaped skull
-more modern-like postcranium
-robust mandibles
-shovel-shaped invisors
-modern-like proportions (tall with long limbs)

Front 22

Features of Homo erectus skull

Back 22

-Very thick-boned
-low, long, and angular
-pentagon-shaped from the back

Cranial superstructures:

-VERY prominent browridges
-thickened angular torus
-occipital torus
-sagittal and metopic heels

Front 23

Homo ergaster

Back 23

early African forms, may be Homo erectus.

-1.8mya - 1mya

-less-pronounced browridges

-more gracile

Front 24

H. erectus (in comparison to H. ergaster)

Back 24

-refers to Asian forms
-1.8mya - .5mya
-more robust
-much thicker browridges
-more pronounced cranial superstructures

Front 25

Where in the world is Homo ergaster?

Back 25

Kenya 1.8mya
Tanzania 1.47mya - 780 kya
Ethiopia 1.8 - 1mya
Dmanisia 1.7mya

Front 26

Where in the world is Homo erectus?

Back 26

Indonesia 1.8mya - 50kya
China - 800kya - 200kya

Front 27

Homo antecessor

Back 27

Early Homo found in Europe about 800kya. They thought that it was H. erectus, but there's just too much damn variation!

Front 28

Evidence of a more meat-reliant diet in H. erectus

Back 28

a) More sophisticated tools
b) Hypervitaminosis A
c) Tapeworms, evolved 1.8mya, same as certain tapeworms in hyenas.
d) cooking? characteristic shape and color of burnt soil. 1.6mya hearths. they manipulated naturally-made fire.
e) Change in length of digestive tract (extensive tissue hypothesis!)

Front 29

Hypervitaminosis A

Back 29

Toxic condition when you get too much vitamin A. You get it from eating too much organ meat, especially liver meat.

Front 30

Pleistocene

Back 30

1.8mya - 10kya

Front 31

Early pleistocene

Back 31

1.8mya - 900kya

Front 32

Middle pleistocene

Back 32

900kya - 125kya

Front 33

Late pleistocene

Back 33

125kya - 10kya

Front 34

Homo heidelburgensis

Back 34

People who say that archaic Homo sapiens need a species name, that's what they give it.

Front 35

Archaic homo sapiens differences from H. erectus

Back 35

1) Larger brains (1100ccs - 1390ccs)
2) Less angular skull (more parallel-sided, widest breadth of skull is placed higher)
3) Very pronounced supraorbital toruses (arching rather than straight)

Front 36

Archaic homo sapiens differences from AMH

Back 36

1) Have robust supraorbital tori
2) Larger faces
3) Thicker, lower (less globular) cranial vault

Front 37

Dates and locations of archaic H. sapien finds...EUROPE!

Back 37

Petralona: Greece, 150kya - 300kya (long, low cranial vault, pronounced supraorbital tori)
Steinheim cranium: Germany, 200kya - 250kya (pronounced broweidges, low/long skull)
Arago partial cranium: France 300kya - 600kya (arching browridges)
Swanscombe: England, 200kya - 250kya (back of skull, not as pronounced occipital tori)

Front 38

Dates and locations of archaic H. sapien finds...AFRICA!

Back 38

Bodu: Ethopia, 600kya (cutmarks on the orbital bone [cannibalistic? rituatlistic?], face flesh deliberately removed by stone tools)

Kabwe: Zambia, 125kya (HUGE motherfockin' browridges)

Ndutu: Tanzania, 200kya - 400kya (cranial capacity of 1100ccs)

Salé: Morocco, 200kya - 250kya (partial cranium, 900cc cranial capacity)

Front 39

Dates and locations of archaic H. sapien finds...ASIA!

Back 39

Dali: China, 130kya - 200kya (deformed skull)

Maba: China, 130kya - 200kya (same features)

Narmada Valley: India, 125kya - 150kya

Front 40

Tools of archaic homo sapiens

Back 40

middle paleolithic/stone age and organic wood tools

Front 41

When and where are Neanderthals?

Back 41

Where: Western Europe, central Asia, middle east, in caves (so they're wicked well-preserved)

When: Modern humans must have diverged about 300kya. Range is 300kya - 30kya

Front 42

Anatomical adaptations of Neanderthals

Back 42

*note: these are DERIVED features!

1) large brain size (1300ccs - 1600ccs)
2) Oval-shaped skull fromthe back (not pentagonal or parallel)
3) Occipital bun
4) mid-facial prognathism (really just around the nasal cavity. aside from this and browridges, really doesn't stand out that much.)
5) Large noses (well...wide nasal cavities. air you breathe in through nose gets warmed up through nasal cavity, warms up air before it hits your lungs)
6) Jaw/teeth [see another slide]
7) Postcrania (short and stocky, but VRY muscular. barrel-sized chest, and shorter, distal limb segments, which help conserve heat)

Front 43

Allen's rule

Back 43

In colder climates, the limbs of the body are shorter relative to body size to conserve body heat.

Front 44

Jaw/teeth characteristics of Neanderthals

Back 44

a) No chin
b) Really heavy anterior tooth wear (front teeth)
c) Tavrodont molars
d) retromolar gap (space between last molar and back of jaw...result in heavy dental use - jaw grows more with more chewing)

Front 45

Tavrodont molars

Back 45

All of the roots of molars fused together, prevents wear

Front 46

Traumatic injuries in Neandertals

Back 46

Fracture bones that healed over. Injuries most similar to rodeo riders. Got too close to prey? Fell down a lot when running after prey?

Front 47

Did Neandertals interact with AMH?

Back 47

90 - 110kya (2 sites), same space occupied by Neandertals and AMH. Were they there are different times of the year?

Front 48

Cold-weather behavioral adaptations

Back 48

a) DNA is only good within 30 - 40kya, and must be preserved in specific conditions
b) Evidence of use of controlled fire (hearths found in cave areas which are well-preserved)
c) Used animal skins and hides to cover themselves somehow (wind shelters and tends, pretty easy to make)
d) Probably moved southward when it was coldest

Front 49

What did Neanderthals eat?

Back 49

Meat. And a shit ton of it. Evidence of big-game hunting, cooking, hides, etc.

Front 50

Cannibalism in Neanderthals

Back 50

Ritual? Did they regularly eat one another?

-Mostly younger individuals
-Way that bones are cut and split open are very similar to way that animals were processed

Front 51

Burying their dead! Neanderthal-style

Back 51

Some say that they weren't intentional, but evidence goes the other way. Grave goods! Flowers, horns. Not consistent grave goods. Pollen could be from outside sources.

Front 52

Replacement model

Back 52

No substantial interbreeding.

Expectations: Localized in Africa, then spread out once all of the archaics and Neandertals died off. First AMHs in Africa, two distinct lineages in each part of the world, abrupt changes in technology, genetic evidence show little overlap.

Front 53

Regional continuity model

Back 53

Oh come on, it's basically been proven false.

Expectations: Only one evolving lineage in each region. Evidence of intermediate fossils, behavioral continuity, genetic analysis show some combination.

Front 54

THE FACTS about the regional cont./replacement debate!

Back 54

Location: Earliest AMH in Africa, 160kya. Then Israel, 110kya - 90kya (with neandertals!). Then Europe, 36kya. China, 65kya. Indonesia, 40kya. Australia, 50kya.

Archaeology: Earliest AMH found with middle stone age tools, used by archaic H. sapiens and neanderthals. BUT, mostly used upper paleolithic industry, and these appeared 30-40kya in Europe, simultaneous with AMH.

60kya in Africa, much later than first AMH (125, maybe microliths). Change in use of different resources. Increase use of marine life, and much more varied diet (more veggies than neandertals!)

Symbolic behavior: Explosion around 30-40kya in Europe. Indicate break in mental processes between AMH and archaic/Neandertal

Front 55

What molecular genetics ahve to say about the replacement/regional cont. debate!

Back 55

1) mitochontrial DNA. cloned from yo' mama, relatively constant mutation rate. Supports replacement model!

2) Nuclear DNA (ex. beta-globulin DNA), most recent common ancestor was 800kya. Doesn't support replacement, but same patter.

3) Ancient mtDNA. AMH genetically distinct from Neandertals. AMH and Neanderthals, most recent common ancestor was 800kya-300kya. BUT, difference between some chump subspecies is even greater!

Front 56

Four lobes of brain

Back 56

Frontal (38% of one hemisphere)
Parietal (25%)
Temporal (22%)
Occipital (9 - 10%)

Front 57

The fissues of the brain!

Back 57

Lateral fissure (Sylvius)
Central fissure (Rolando)
Transverse fissure

Front 58

Brain stem

Back 58

Portion of the brain that connects directly to the spinal chord. Connected for basic life functions: regulation/control of everything from here to next Tuesday (MEDULLA OBGLONGATAAAA)

Front 59

Cerebellum

Back 59

That little grey thingy that I played with in physiology all the time last year. Important for balance, posture, and voluntary movements.

Front 60

Cerebrum

Back 60

Divided into left/right hemispheres (NOT symetrical!)

Front 61

Sulci

Back 61

Complexly-arranged grooves that divide brain into gyri (sing. gyrus). They are the result of brain expansion.

Front 62

Grey matter

Back 62

Forms outer surface of brain. Mostly containing cell bodies of neurons.

Front 63

White matter

Back 63

Mostly axons of nerve cells (myolin sheaths gives whitish appearance)

Front 64

Corpus callosum

Back 64

Forms connection between the two hemispheres

Front 65

Primary cortex of the cerebrum

Back 65

Functional areas. Involved in input from the senses or motor control. Motor regions in FRONTAL lobe. Sensory regions distributed throughout cerebrum.

Front 66

Association cortex of the cerebrum

Back 66

Processing of primary input occurs. Inputs from single or multiple areas. In human evolution, this is the thing that's most increased.

Front 67

Language areas of the brain

Back 67

1) Broca's Area
2) Wernicke's area
3) Angular gyrus
4) Primary auditory cortex
5) Motor strip

Front 68

Broca's area

Back 68

On frontal lobe. If damaged, speech production is hurt, not speech comprehension. Areas of white matter connect this to Wernicke's.

Front 69

Wernicke's area

Back 69

Both production of speech and comprehension. Areas of white matter connect this to Broca's.

Front 70

Motor strip

Back 70

Near Broca's area. Affects movement of tongue and mouth.

Front 71

Primary auditory cortex

Back 71

Necessary for speech perception

Front 72

Angular gyrus

Back 72

In parietal lobe. Important for comprehending written language.

Front 73

Four defining elements of language

Back 73

1) Language is spoken.
2) Language is semantic (we use words that have meanings)
3) Language is phonetic. Words are assembles from smaller sounds called phonemes. The phonemes themselves have no intrinsic meaning.
4) Language is grammatical.

Front 74

Grammar

Back 74

How words are defined and used.
Syntax: rule of word order.

Front 75

Universal Grammar View

Back 75

Chomsky. "deep structure" is reflective of universal grammar mechanism in everyone's brain brain.

Evidence: Children can learn language really really quickly.
-Pinker: Genetic aspect. The "language instinct". Children are genetically specialized to learn language.
-Creole language: Merging of some languages, but they ALL have a similar grammar structure. In a linguistically unsable society, children impose their own grammatical rules (sign language in deaf Nicaraguan children).

But there is NO anatomical evidence for this specialization.

Front 76

Emergent Grammar View

Back 76

Commonalities among grammar are because there is a LIMITED NUMBER OF SOLUTIONS to the problem of creating syntax.

Grammar is a RESULT of complex language, not something genetic. Human language shows a continuity with other forms of animal communication.

Front 77

Features of the Supralaryngial airway

Back 77

1) Pharynx (cavity above larynx)
-nasopharynx - goes from nasal cavity
-oropharynx - goes from oral cavity
-laryngopharynx - right above larynx

Front 78

Not-Brain Anatomical Features of Language

Back 78

1) Larynx in lower position
2) Expansion of the pharynx
both of these allow for greater modification of the air that passes through the airway.
3) Shortening and rounding of the tongue. Can move it more quickly and more precisely.
4) Hyloid bone - tells us what position the tongue had, but since it doesn't connect to another bone, no way of telling where it sat (position of pig's hyloid v. similar to human's.)

Front 79

Risk of these not-brain anatomical features of language

Back 79

We have a higher likelihood of choking! Everything we swallow has to pass by an incompletely sealed larynx.

Front 80

Discerning language in the fossil record

Back 80

1) look at endocasts for signs of asymetry (very blunt tool)
2) Degree of flexion in cranial base tells us where larynx would have say, but NO conclusive evidence that this directly relates to larynx production.

Front 81

Selective pressures for language

Back 81

Not everything is an adaptation! Sometimes correlation.

1) Language as replacement for grooming. Humans live in HUGE social groups, and you can't groom everyone! Social group cohesion. Dunbar.

2) One-handed throwing ability. Handedness (right), language. Motor strip also controls throwing.

Front 82

Encephalization quotient

Back 82

Ratio of actual brain size to predicted brain size based on chart. An EQ of 1 means that brain is predicted size. GREATER than one means that brain is larger than predicted for a mammal of that size.

Humans have highest absolute brain size (1350 ccs) and highest EQ

Front 83

Encephalization

Back 83

Measures brain size relative to body size.

Front 84

Meaning of EQ?

Back 84

Doesn't show relative size of each lobe. Takes body size into account, which could reflect selective pressures on body size. Doesn't show brain USE. You're not getting at specific brain types (eg. males and females). Females use both halves of brain more than males.

Front 85

Brain size in fossil record

Back 85

-Difficult to determine body size (often only find fragments of postcrania)
-Don't see an increase in EQ until H. erectus, but we're only basing this off of specimens that we've found.
-Archaic H. sapiens, Neanderthals, and AMH all have about the same EQ (but remember the body size thing!)

Front 86

Looking at brainz of ancient humanz

Back 86

Reliant on stupid endocasts. Fairly poor depiction of what brain looks like, and you can't see the grooves because the brain is not in direct contact with the skull. BUT, it's all we've got. Fuckin' A.

Front 87

Looking at structure and function of brainy bits

Back 87

1) Autopsy studies (old way!)
2) Lesion method
3) Neuroimagery (MRI and PET and fMRI)

Front 88

Lesion method

Back 88

Looking for structural abnormality from behavior abnormality (stroke, brain trauma, etc.)

"natural experiments", have to wait for person with abnormality to die.

"unnatural experiments", cut out or damage portion of brain and see what happens while person is STILL ALIVE.

Front 89

MRI

Back 89

magnetic resonance imaging.

Good distinction between grey and white matter and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). High-res map of water concentration in the brain.

Front 90

PET and fMRI

Back 90

position emission topography and functional MRI

-shows area of brain that activates during certain cognitive acts
-measures increase in metabolism/blood flow
-difficult to do in non-human primates
-very expensive.

Front 91

epidemilogical transition

Back 91

the changes in patterns of disease and mortality in developed countries. 20th - 21st century, newer diseases are diseases of old age

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epidemiology

Back 92

The quantitative study of the occurrence and cause of disease in populations

Front 93

evolutionary medicine

Back 93

A Darwinian approach to understanding disease.

Front 94

Design compromises

Back 94

A principle of evolutionary medicine.

ex. knee joint is prone to injury if hit a certain way. S-curve of human back is good for bipedalism, but makes for bad backs. female pelvis is good for walking, not so good for babymakin' (midwifery is a cultural adaptation to this design compromise)

Front 95

Environmental mismatch

Back 95

A principle of evolutionary medicine.

Our bodies are adapted for a life of huntering and gathering. ex. obesity. Bodies are adapted to store fat really well, because there was not a lot of it in hunting and gathering. But now that we have lots of fatty food at our disposal, combined with not a lot of running after sabre-toothed tigers...

Front 96

Pleiotropic gene effects

Back 96

A principle of evolutionary medicine.

We have many genes and alleles that didn't used to do anything, or evolved to help us way back when. But as we get older, the effects of some genes come out in later life, and cause old-age diseases like cancer and Alzheimer's disease.

Front 97

secular trends

Back 97

1) height: children grow larger and heavier in each decade. reduction in childhood diseases impeding growth, and better nutrition.

2) menarche (beginning of menstruation): went from 16 - 17 years to 12 - 13 years. In Paupa New Guinea, age in 1960 was 18, in 1980 it was 15.8.

Why? Better nutrition, increased fat in diet, alteration in body composition, higher ratio of fat to muscle in early years

Front 98

Stages of growth as broadly defined for primates

Back 98

Prenatal
Infantile
Juvenile
Adult

Front 99

Human growth stages

Back 99

Prenatal
Infantile
Childhood
Juvenile
Adolescence
Adulthood

Front 100

Prenatal Stage of Development

Back 100

Conception to birth
38 - 40 weeks in humans
Incredible rate of growth
very sensitive to environmental influence

Front 101

Tetrogens

Back 101

Substances that can alter normal growth (ex. alcohol -> FAS)

Front 102

Infantile Stage of Development

Back 102

From birth to eruption of first baby tooth

Front 103

Childhood Stage of Development

Back 103

Begins at weaning (3 years), goes until adult brain size is achieved (6 or 7). Unique to humans? Allows for development of technical and social skills. Food provisioning by extramaternal kin.

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Juvenile Stage of Development

Back 104

From eruption of first permanent tooth to puberty. REALLY REALLY extended in humans!

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Adolescent Stage of Development

Back 105

Puberty to eruption of wisdom teeth (last perm. teeth). Growth spurts. Allows for difference in male/female maturation. Learning sociosexual roles.

Females: Look mature enough to learn how to deal with their role

Male: Don't want to show maturity, might be perceived as a threat by other males

Networks of connections in brain still growing. Health and illness affects the productive status (?)

Front 106

Adulthood Stage of Development

Back 106

Eruption of last permanent tooth until death.

old age = rate of cell death is higher than rate of cell replacement

long post-reproductive period in humans.

Front 107

Effects and causes of aging: Physiological things

Back 107

1) Accumulation of DNA mutations: DNA becomes damaged over time
2) Free radicals -> antioxidents

Front 108

Effects and causes of aging: Evolutionary style

Back 108

1) Pleiotropic antagonisms: multiple effects of one gene can happen over time. A good or neutral gene can have bad effects later in life.
2) Disposable Soma (body) theory: Bodies haven't evolved counter-strategies to battle aging after reproduction, because evolutionarily speaking, the body is useless when it can't reproduce.
3) Grandma hypothesis: Grandparents can help children raise their children. You can help rise your own reproductive success by encouraging your genes' development in your grandkids.

Front 109

Variation in skin color: red

Back 109

Oxidized hemoglobin in RBCs

Front 110

Variation in skin color: yellowish

Back 110

Carotine

Front 111

Variation in skin color: Light versus dark

Back 111

Melanin, a dark ibgment in melanocytes, packaged in melanosomes.

1) melanosome size
2) density of melanosome
3) distribution iof melanocytes bearing keratinocytes

Front 112

Evolutionary reasons for skin tone variation

Back 112

1) Ultraviolet radiation. Causes sunburn and skin cancer. Can penetrate to DNA level and cause mutations. Melanin blocks incoming UV waves. People with more melanin are less susceptible to effects of UVR. So, people regularly exposed to more sun need more melanin to filter out the sun.

2) Vitamin D symthesis. People with darker skin can't synthesize vitamin D as efficiently. But it isn't an issue in places with lots of sunlight, because there's just so much damn sun that it doesn't even really matter. Lack of Vitamin D causes rickets.

3) Exposure to UVR in the dermis can cause breaking down of folic acid in the bloodstream. Deficiencies in folate during pregnancy can cause neutral tube birth defects in the embryo.

Front 113

Behavior affecting diseases: migration

Back 113

Bubonic plague. Migration to the New World, brought diseases like smallpox, influenza, measles, and ciertos STDs

Front 114

Behavior affecting diseases: DIET

Back 114

"the paleolithic diet" - lots of meats and fruits

BUT, obesity = shitty diet + lack of exercise.

Agriculturalism, thrifty genotype

Standing water and mad cow!

Front 115

Agriculturalism

Back 115

Individuals growing up under nutritional stress

Native Americans: heavy dependence on maize - enamel defects, stunted growth

Asia: over-reliance on white rice. beriberi - thiamene deficiency.

Modern Agriculturalism: nutritional excess (vitamins, supplements, etc.)

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Thrifty Genotype

Back 116

Hunter-gatherer lifestyle favored body types that converted extra energy to fat. Men gain fat in belly, women gain it in thighs and hips. Belly fat protects vital organs.

In past, opportunity for excess weight gain was so thin that this phenotype would never result.

Front 117

Thrifty Pleitropic Genotype

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Negative effects only come later in life, so they can't be selected against. Oh, that's so fucking sneaky.

Front 118

Standing water and Agriculture

Back 118

Malaria, schistosomasis.

Front 119

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

Back 119

BSE, or mad cow disease.

Front 120

Kuru

Back 120

Protein in brain called prions. When you consume mutant prions, they go craaazy. Brain begins to wear away. There is a very long latancy period.

Front 121

Four Things of Evolution of Human Behavior

Back 121

1) Paleontological reconstruction
2) Biocultural approach
3) Human behavior ecology
4) Evolutionary psychology

Front 122

Paleontological reconstuction

Back 122

-look at anatomy of hominin ancestors

-look at relative brain size, shape of brain (enlargement of frontal lobe), endocasts, sexual dimorphism

-interpret hominin anatomy by what we know about living primates (males twice the size of females. look at behavior of living rimates with lots of sexual dimorphism. Do groups range? Monogomous? Male/male competition?)

Front 123

Biocultural approach

Back 123

-takes a behavior, looks through different cultural lens, and see how it shapes adaptation and adaptability.

Front 124

Human behavior ecology

Back 124

-ecological and biological factors that influence reproductive success IN A CULTURAL CONTEXT.

-ex. relationship between wealth and reproductive success, sexual division of labor

Front 125

Evolutionary psychology

Back 125

-coontrovercial!
-behavioral patterns shaped by natural selection in the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness

Front 126

EEA

Back 126

Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness. Environment in which modern humans evolved. In Africa, hunter-gatherer populations.

-use modern human hunter-gatherer populations to interpret behaviors.

-human sexual behavior shaped by natural selection? Video time!

Front 127

Cognitive (human) universals

Back 127

Cognitive phenomena such as sensory processing, the basic emotions, consciousness, motor control, memory, and attention that are expressed by all normal individuals

Front 128

Cross-cultural universals

Back 128

Behavioral phenomena, such as singing, dancing, and mental illness, that are found in almost all human cultures, but are not necessarily exhibited by each member of a cultural group.

Front 129

forensic anthropology

Back 129

study of human remains to identify the cause and manner of death. Different from a medical examiner because they deal with mostly hard tissue (bones and teeth)

Why:

-mass graves (past and present)
-crime scene investigations
-human rights abuses

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How old are you?

Back 130

-easier to tell with younger bodies.

1) overall size
2) bone fusion! epiphyses (end of a long bone) are unfused in young individuals. They all don't fuse at a constant rate, so you can tell by which ones have fused and which haven't.
3) Bone density. When estrogen stops being produced, bones lose tensity.
4) Signs of wear (arthritis)
5) Tooth loss! Bone around teeth responds to whether tooths are not there. Maxilla and mandible regress and resorb when teeth are not there.
6) Fontanelle (anterior) and metopic suture present in infants (soft spot! squishsquish)
7) Sequence of tooth eruption (eurgh)
8) traumatic events show up in teeth (birth line)

Front 131

What sex art thou? Skull!

Back 131

Skull:
-males: larger, more robust. Thicker, more pronounced muscle markings. Have more developed browridges.
-females: more vertical forehead, frontal "bossing".

Chin: males have squared-off jaw, girls have rounded jaw.

Front 132

What sex art thou? Pelvis!

Back 132

female: Illiac blades are shorter and more rounded. Public synthesis, sub-pubic angle is noticeably greater. Broad sciatic notch. Elevated auricular surface (where pelvis articulate with sacrum. Stretching of certain ligaments if you've given birth. Preauricular sulcus.

Front 133

What sex art thou? Femur!

Back 133

Attachment for large thigh muscles, more developed in males.

Front 134

How tall art thou?

Back 134

Measure bone and plug it into formula based on population averages (general or sex-based)

There's always a range! Range of error depends on what bone you are measuring.

Front 135

With which population dost though belong?

Back 135

Big, big databases! Presence of metopic sutures, wormian bones, and dental arcade shape. All based on FREQUENCY and LIKELIHOOD.

Front 136

premortem trauma

Back 136

Trauma that has occured prior to death. Evidence of healed fractures on bones indicates that bone had time to heal before it died.

Front 137

perimortem trauma

Back 137

Trauma right around time of death. ex. bullet hole in skull. BUT, people can live! Look for signs of healing.

Front 138

postmortem trauma

Back 138

trauma after death. easily confused with perimortem

Front 139

What does you look like?! Facial reconstruction!

Back 139

1) Take cast of skull. Locate muscle markings. Look at sex and age. Look at markings on nose bone. Pile on muscle and fat, and add a layer of skin. Voilà!
2) Use a computer to do the same thing.

One skull can result in more than one structure!

Front 140

How many people in a big pile of bones?

Back 140

MNI - minimum number of individuals

Figure out what parts of body the bones came from. If there are two left femurs, or something, then there are at least two people. But if there is a right and a left, it could be one or two, so the MNI is one.

Front 141

BUGZZZZZ, and when you died.

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-life cycle of insects on or around body!

-details of different insect species. Which insects get to the body first? How established are they in certain areas? (you can tell if the body's been moved or something)

Gut contents exposed yield certain types of maggots -> soft tissue injury!

Beetles show up later than flies.

eggs -> feeding larvae -> wandering larvae -> pupae -> adult

Front 142

WHO ARE YOU?! Chemical and molecular analysis

Back 142

If you can extract DNA, compare with families of missing people. Chemicals helpful in poisoning! Show up in bones, fingernails, and toenails.