Bio 435 Final

Front 1

Which part of the immune system’s “learning system” is responsible for maintaining life-long immunityagainst measles after a measles infection?

a. Somatic recombination

b. Clonal expansion

c. Affinity maturation

d. Retention of responding cells

Back 1

d. Retention of responding cells

Front 2

Our inner ears are used for:

a. Perceiving acceleration

b. Hearing

c. Receiving olfactory sensations

d. a and b

e. b and c

Back 2

d. a and b

Front 3

The evolutionary species concept defines a species as

a. a group that forms a lineage with a distinct evolutionary fate from other lineages.

b. phenotypically similar individuals or populations.

c. groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductivelyisolated from other such groups.

d. the smallest monophyletic group distinguished by a shared derived character.

Back 3

a. a group that forms a lineage with a distinct evolutionary fate from other lineages.

Front 4

Which of the following is not a prezygotic isolating mechanism?

a. Habitat isolation

b. Temporal isolation

c. Hybrid inviability

d. Behavioral isolation

e. Gametic incompatibility

Back 4

c. Hybrid inviability

Front 5

Resource partitioning occurs

a. when the same plants produce different seed types.

b. infrequently in sympatric speciation.

c. only in lakes.

d. when different habitat preferences result in different diets.

Back 5

d. when different habitat preferences result in different diets.

Front 6

Under which hypothesis may pathogens ultimately be responsible for the evolution of sexualreproduction in multicellular organisms?a. Good genes hypothesis

b. Red Queen hypothesis

c. Mutation accumulation hypothesis

d. Rate-of-living hypothesis

Back 6

b. Red Queen hypothesis

Front 7

Negative epistasis is

a. only present in the homogametic sex.

b. a mechanism that explains the Dobzhansky–Muller model of reproductive isolation.

c. responsible for chromosomal rearrangements.

d. responsible for changes in ploidy.

Back 7

b. a mechanism that explains the Dobzhansky–Muller model of reproductive isolation.

Front 8

The graph below shows the size of the male and female in a large number of matings of an insect speciesobserved in nature. A separate study showed that large females produce more eggs than small females.Which of the following statements is a possible explanation for the observed pattern?

a. Large males are more successful at defending access to large females.

b. The samples were taken along an environmental gradient that influences the bodysize of both males and females.

c. Females compete for high quality large males, and larger females win thecompetition.d. All of the above

Back 8

d. All of the above

Front 9

Which of the following is a relationship between organisms that cannot evolve into a mutualisticrelationship?

a. Parasite–host interaction

b. Predator–prey interaction

c. Neutral interaction

d. None of the above; any interaction can serve as a precursor

Back 9

d. None of the above; any interaction can serve as a precursor

Front 10

Why do woodland star flowers likely abort flower heads with Greya moth eggs in geographic locationswhere other nonflower-feeding pollinators are present?

a. Greya moths do not pollinate woodland stars in locations with multiple pollinators.

b. Pollination by Greya is not essential for the reproduction of these woodland stars.

c. Pollen becomes limited, and woodland stars can no longer afford to lose pollen toGreya larvae.

d. B and C

Back 10

b. Pollination by Greya is not essential for the reproduction of these woodland stars.

Front 11

In the figure above, each white, horizontal box represents a separate species. Based on this figure,

a. the multiregional hypothesis is supported.

b. the out-of-Africa hypothesis is supported.

c. many hominin species coexisted for most of the evolutionary history of humans.

d. there has been only a single hominin species for most of the evolutionary history ofhumans.

Back 11

c. many hominin species coexisted for most of the evolutionary history of humans.

Front 12

Geographically isolated subpopulations of a species can evolve partial reproductive isolation. If twosubpopulations come into secondary contact, they can either become one mixed population, or, during aprocess called reinforcement, selection may lead to greater reproductive isolation. The latter will occur ifmating between subpopulations results in hybrid offspring that have lower fitness. Could culturalevolution play a role in reinforcement?

a. Yes, if traits that affect reproductive isolation can be culturally transmitted.

b. Yes, but only if there is zero cultural transmission between subpopulations.

c. No, in order to form separate species, the changes have to be genetic.

d. No, culturally transmitted behavioral traits are bound to be “leaky” (allow for somelevel of gene flow).

Back 12

a. Yes, if traits that affect reproductive isolation can be culturally transmitted.

Front 13

Under which of the following evolutionary explanations for disease does the antagonistic pleiotropyhypothesis for aging fall?

a. Natural selection has not had time to catch up with environmental changes.

b. Natural selection lacks foresight; we are stuck with historically contingent relics ofthe past.

c. Natural selection favors reproductive success, even at the expense of vulnerability todisease.

d. Some disease symptoms, though unpleasant, are actually beneficial

Back 13

c. Natural selection favors reproductive success, even at the expense of vulnerability to disease.

Front 14

When are hybrid zones expected to disappear and complete the speciation process?

a. When hybrids are at a selective disadvantageb. When hybrids have a selective advantage and will replace parents

c. When hybrids are found in ring species

d. When hybrids mate assortatively

Back 14

a. When hybrids are at a selective disadvantage

Front 15

What was the major transition from archaic hominins to the genus Homo?

a. Increase in tooth size

b. Increase in brain size

c. Evolution of bipedalism

d. Evolution of skull ridges

Back 15

b. Increase in brain size

Front 16

True/False. Many genes for odor-sensing in primates are not active. This is likely becuase primates relyheavily on sight as a sensory mechanism

Back 16

True

Front 17

True/False. The origin of the first multi-cellular bodies on Earth was concommitant with an increase inthe level of oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere.

Back 17

True

Front 18

Allopatric speciation requires

a. complete geographic isolation.

b. abutting distributions.

c. overlapping distributions.

d. differences in phenology.

Back 18

a. complete geographic isolation.

Front 19

Remains of multiple short statured hominins of the species Homo floriensis were found in 2003 on anisland in Indonesia. The individuals found were thought to be so small because of:

a. Their age (young children)

b. Island dwarfism

c. Disease

d. A brain/body size trade-off

Back 19

b. Island dwarfism

Front 20

Maternal and paternal alleles of genes that regulate fetal growth rate may be differentially expressed.This is an example of:

a. Epistasis

b. Antagonistic pleiotrophy

c. Sexual conflict

d. Immune-related disease

Back 20

c. Sexual conflict

Front 21

Two bird species exhibit postzygotic isolation in that half of the hybrids formed between them aresterile. If Haldane’s rule applies here, then the individuals that are sterile are likely to be

a. female.

b. male.

c. young.

d. old.

Back 21

a. female.

Front 22

Which of the following is a telltale sign that a cell is infected by RNA viruses?

a. It is dividing slower than uninfected cells.

b. It contains long segments of double-stranded RNA.

c. Its apoptosis pathway is up-regulated.

d. It has a lower rate of protein synthesis.

Back 22

b. It contains long segments of double-stranded RNA.

Front 23

A small population of a species invades an island where the species is not found. The populationsubsequently diverges from the ancestral population and becomes a new species. This is an example of

a. the dumbbell model of allopatric speciation.

b. the peripheral isolate mode of allopatric speciation.

c. sympatric speciation.

d. parapatric speciation

Back 23

b. the peripheral isolate mode of allopatric speciation.

Front 24

Which of the following statements about changes in ploidy is true?

a. It often reduces reproductive isolation.

b. It can result in instantaneous speciation.

c. It causes coiling in snails.

d. It is less common in plants than animals.

Back 24

b. It can result in instantaneous speciation.

Front 25

Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibility

Back 25

The model attempts to explain how incompatibilities between closely related species develop without either of them going through an adaptive valley. In its simplest form the model shows that changes in at least two loci are required to cause hybrid incompatibility, or at least a decrease in fitness between individuals from two ancestrally identical, butallopatric populations. This is based on the idea that a new allele which has arisen at one locus in one population should not cause decreased fitness when placed into the identical (except for one allele) genetic background of the second population. Therefore another allele at a second locus which is incompatible with the first must have arisen.

Front 26

Haldane's Rule

Back 26

Among hybrid offspring, if one sex is missing or absent that then that sex is the heterogametic one (xY)

Front 27

allopatric speciation

Back 27

Speciation that occurs when incipient species are geographically isolated from one another

Front 28

biological species concept

Back 28

An approach to determining species boundaries in which a species is composed of actually or potentially interbredding individuals. In the biological species concept, reproductive isolation determines sepcies boundaries

Front 29

cline

Back 29

A spacial gradient in the frequency of phenotypes or genotypes

Front 30

dumbebell model

Back 30

A form of allopatric speciation in which a population splits into two comparably sized subpopulations separated by geographical barriers

Front 31

evolutionary species concept

Back 31

The basic notion in evolutionary biology of what species is. According to this view, a species is a lineage that maintains a unique identity over evolutionary time

Front 32

hybrid zone

Back 32

An area in which diverging populations encounter each other, mate, and potentially produce hybrid offspring

Front 33

multi regional hypothesis

Back 33

The hypothesis for human origins stating that 2 million years ago hominins left Africa and colonized the Old World a single time as Homo erectus. These populations in different parts of the world diverged from one another morphologically, but they did not speciate due to modest gene flow among them. Gradually over the past 2 million years, populations together evolved into modern humans.

Front 34

out-of-Africa hypothesis

Back 34

The hypothesis that hominins left Africa and colonized the Old World in two major waves, first as Homo erectus in an inital wave out of Africa approximately 2 million years ago, and a second time as Homo sapiens approximately 100,000 years ago.

Front 35

parapatric speciation

Back 35

The process of speciation that occurs when diverging populations have distributions that abut one another

Front 36

peripheral isolate model

Back 36

A form of allopatric speciation in which a population is split into geographically isolated populations that differ substantively in size, with one large population and one of several smaller populations.

Front 37

phenetic species concept

Back 37

An approach to determining species boundaries in which species are identified as clusters of phenotypically similar individuals or populations

Front 38

phylogenetic species concept

Back 38

An approach to determining species boundaries in which a species is defined as the smallest monophyletic group that shares a unique derived character absent from all other groups of the phylogeny

Front 39

postzygotic isolating mechanisms

Back 39

Reproductive isolating mechanisms that occur after fertilization and conception, often leading to embryos that may not develop fully to birth ot to sterile offspring.

Front 40

prezygotic isolating mechanisms

Back 40

Reproductive isolating mechanism that prevent mating from occurring in the first placeor that prevent fertilization from occurring of such a mating does occur.

Front 41

reproductive isolating mechanisms

Back 41

Mechanism that prevent gene flow between populations

Front 42

sympatric speciation

Back 42

A process of speciation in which diverging populations are not geographically seperated

Front 43

intersexual selection

Back 43

Processes in which individuals of one sex select among individuals of the other sex as mates

Front 44

intrasexual selection

Back 44

Processes in which members of one sex, most often males, compete with each other for mating access to the other sex

Front 45

polyandry

Back 45

A mating system in which females mate with mote that one male per breeding year

Front 46

polygynandry

Back 46

A mating system in which several males form pair bonds with several females simultaneously

Front 47

polygyny

Back 47

A mating system in which males mate with more than one female per mating year

Front 48

postcopulatory sexual selection

Back 48

Sexual selection that occurs after mating have taken place. Sperm competition is one form of this.

Front 49

runaway sexual selection model

Back 49

A model of sexual selection in which a positive feedback loop develops between genes that code for male traits and genes that code for particular mating preferences in females, leading to exaggerated male traits and strong female preferences for the,

Front 50

sensory bias model

Back 50

Model for the evolutio of elaborate traits by sexual selection, in which a preexisting bias in the perceptual system of one sex favors members of the other sex who display a particular trait

Front 51

sexual conflict

Back 51

A phenomenon in which selection operates differently on males and females, typically with respect to mating behavior

Front 52

anatagonistic coevolution

Back 52

An evolutionary relationship in which evolutionary changes in each species decrease the fitness of the other species

Front 53

Batesian mimicry

Back 53

Mimicry in which a palatable species resembles an unpalatable species.

Front 54

Cospeciation

Back 54

Concurrent occurrence of speciation in both partners of an interspecific mutualism

Front 55

cultural evolution

Back 55

The process by whoch culturally transmitted traits change over time

Front 56

cultural transmission

Back 56

The transmission of information from one individual to another by teaching or social learning

Front 57

gene-culture coevolution

Back 57

The interaction between genetic and cultural evolutionary change in which each drives the otehr

Front 58

mosaic coevolution

Back 58

A situation in which the same two species interact mutualistically in some communities but antagonistically in others

Front 59

Mullerian mimicry

Back 59

Mimicry in which unpalatable species resemble one another

Front 60

obligate mutualism

Back 60

A mutualism in which each partner requires the other for successful survival and/or reproduction

Front 61

affinity maturation

Back 61

A selective process by which immune receptors develop an improved match to a pathogen during clonal expansion

Front 62

cactus-shaped phylogeny

Back 62

A phylogeny with short branches off a primary "backbone". Observed in some infectious pathogens for which most clones are lost in any given year and a lineage is continued by one or at most a small number of escape varients

Front 63

clonal expansion

Back 63

The process by which a specific immune cell is stimulated by an antigen and rapidly proliferates to create a large population of antigen-specific cells that can eradicate a pathogen

Front 64

disposable some hypthesis

Back 64

The hypothesis that senescence results from a necessart trade-off between investment in reproduction and investment in repair.

Front 65

escape varients

Back 65

Variant forms of a pathogen that are not recognized by the immunological memory of previously infected hosts

Front 66

mutation accumulation hypothesis

Back 66

The hypothesis that senescence occurs because natural selection is not strong enough to purge deleterious mutations associated with traits that are expressed only late in life

Front 67

senescence

Back 67

General decline in the physical functioning or performance of living organisms with age

Front 68

survivorship curve

Back 68

The fraction of surviving individuals as a function of age.

Front 69

Red Queen Hypothesis

Back 69

The hypothesis that sexual reproduction is an adaptation allowing hosts to generate sufficient genetic variationto keep up with their pathogens and parasites in the co-evolutionary arms race. This hypothesis predicts that the level of parasitic infection will be related to the frequency of sexual versus asexual reproduciton

Front 70

rate-of-living hypothesis

Back 70

The hypothesis that senescence is an inevitable consequence of accumulated physical wear and tear.

Front 71

Define pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and explain why they are crucial to our body’simmune response against pathogens.

Back 71

PAMPs are pathogen assocatiated molecular patterns that are bound to pattern recognition receptors that recognize components of bacteria cell walls. They detect the presence of a pathogen.

Front 72

. How does the evolutionary species concept differ from the phylogenetic species concept?

Back 72

The phylogenetic species concept postulates that a species is defined by the smallest monophyletic group with a unique derived character. The evolutionary species concept postulates that a species is a lineage that maintains its unique identity over evolutionary time.

Front 73

What two main factors are responsible for the asymmetry in the coevolutionary arms race betweenmicrobial pathogens and their multicellular hosts?

Back 73

Pathogens have a smaller reproduction time. Pathogens have larger population sizes.

Front 74

Describe the mosaic theory of coevolution in your own words

Back 74

The ability of a species to interact with another species mutatistically but not mutualistically in another area. (Greya moths and wooldland stars)

Front 75

Explain how ectothermic animals can produce a fever response.

Back 75

The presence of an infection causes the body to release cytokines that trigger the hypothalamus to kick up the body temperature.