Bio 4/18-5/7

Front 1

The tendency of a solution to take up water by osmosis is called
osmotic pressure.
osmolarity pressure.
isotonic pressure.
hypertonic pressure.
hypotonic pressure.

Back 1

osmotic pressure.

Front 2

The process of describes the transport of substances out of the kidney tubule and into the surrounding body fluids, while describes the process of transporting substances from the body fluid into the tubule.
secretion/excretion
excretion/reabsorption
secretion/reabsorption
reabsorption/secretion
excretion/secretion

Back 2

reabsorption/secretion

Front 3

The reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, and many other molecules needed by the body is driven by ______________.
active transport carriers
diffusion
facilitated diffusion
homeostasis

Back 3

active transport carriers

Front 4

Kidneys are thought to have evolved first among the _____________.
amphibians
freshwater bony fishes
saltwater bony fishes
reptiles

Back 4

freshwater bony fishes

Front 5

Marine reptiles eliminate excess salt by means of _____________ located near the nose or the eye.
pores
tubules
salt glands
scales

Back 5

salt glands

Front 6

The excretory organs in the insects create an excretory fluid by secreting K+ ions, which draw water osmotically. These organs branch off anterior to the hindgut and are called
flame cells.
kidneys.
Malpighian tubules.
glomeruli.
loops of Henle.

Back 6

Malpighian tubules.

Front 7

Most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers. This means that
the osmolality of their body fluids is not the same as their seawater environment.
the osmolality of their body fluids is the same as their seawater environment.
the osmolality of their body fluids is the same as their seawater environment and that their bodies contain the same solutes as their surroundings.
the osmolality of their body fluids is equal to that of the osmoregulators who inhabit the same environments.
the osmolality of their body fluids fluctuates between being hypertonic to hyportonic depending on the season and the tides.

Back 7

the osmolality of their body fluids is the same as their seawater environment.

Front 8

Select the incorrectly matched vertebrate and its urine concentration relative to its blood.
amphibians—isotonic
marine reptiles—isotonic
desert mammals—strongly hypertonic
marine mammals—strongly hypertonic
terrestrial birds—weakly hypertonic

Back 8

amphibians—isotonic

Front 9

Select the incorrectly matched organism and its nitrogenous waste product.
most fish—ammonia
mammals—urea
reptiles—uric acid
birds—uric acid
insects—ammonia

Back 9

insects—ammonia

Front 10

Which of the following best describes freshwater fish?
hyposmotic regulators
hyposmotic conformers
hyperosmotic regulators
hyperosmotic conformers
isosmotic conformers

Back 10

hyperosmotic regulators

Front 11

In the _________, a tuft of capillaries in the renal cortex, blood is filtered through the porous capillary walls.
renal cortex
nephron
glomerulus
collecting duct
flame cell

Back 11

glomerulus

Front 12

Each of the following is a part of the kidney except
the nephrons.
the renal cortex.
the renal medulla.
the urinary bladder.
Bowman's capsule.

Back 12

the urinary bladder.

Front 13

A function not associated with vertebrate kidneys is
filtration.
hydrolysis.
reabsorption.
secretion.
excretion.

Back 13

hydrolysis

Front 14

Osmoreceptors in which one of the following organs respond to elevated blood osmolality?
the adrenal cortex
the adrenal medulla
the hypothalamus
the kidneys
the heart

Back 14

the hypothalamus

Front 15

ADH makes the collecting ducts ____________.
impermeable to water
more permeable to water
less permeable to water
semipermeable to water

Back 15

more permeable to water

Front 16

The cytoplasmic extensions of a neuron are called
axons.
cell bodies.
dendrites.
neurons.
synapses.

Back 16

dendrites

Front 17

The rapid inward diffusion of Na+ followed by the outward diffusion of K+ produces a rapid change in the membrane potential called a(n)
action potential.
excitatory postsynaptic potential.
saltatory conduction.
monosynaptic reflex.
depolarization.

Back 17

action potential.

Front 18

Impulses are conducted by myelinated axons by jumping from node to node in a process called a(n)
action potential.
excitatory postsynaptic potential.
saltatory conduction.
monosynaptic reflex.
depolarization.

Back 18

saltatory conduction.

Front 19

The electrical impulse travels outward from the cell body along a(n)
axon.
dendrite.
Ranvier cell.
Schwann cell.
synapse.

Back 19

axon

Front 20

Neurons are supported both structurally and functionally by supporting cells which include
dendrites and nodes of Ranvier.
neuroglia and nodes of Ranvier.
Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes.
dendrites, nodes of Ranvier, and neuroglia.
neuroglia, Schwann cells, and oligodendrocytes.

Back 20

neuroglia, Schwann cells, and oligodendrocytes.

Front 21

The white matter of CNS is formed by
myelinated axons.
unmyelinated dendrites.
cell bodies.
unmylenated dendrites and cell bodies.
unmylenated axons and cell bodies.

Back 21

myelinated axons.

Front 22

The membrane of a resting neuron is much more permeable to which of the following ion than any other ion?
Cl
Ca2+
Na+
K+
H+

Back 22

K+

Front 23

When nerve cells are not producing electrical responses, there is still a voltage difference across their membranes, termed the
channel-gate bias.
electrolyte voltage.
equilibrium potential.
resting potential.
ion current.

Back 23

resting potential.

Front 24

A shift in the membrane potential toward the positive direction and exceeding the threshold causes a(n)
resting potential.
equilibrium potential.
action potential.
ion current.
electrolyte bias.

Back 24

action potential.

Front 25

The junction between a neuron and another neuronal cell, muscle cell, or with a gland cell is called a(n)
axon.
cell body.
dendrite.
neuronal gap.
synapse.

Back 25

synapse

Front 26

A(n) _______________ diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft between the presynaptic axon and the postsynaptic cell to transmit a nerve impulse.
neurotransmitter
electrical impulse
Na+ ion
vesicle
action potential

Back 26

neurotransmitter

Front 27

The neurotransmitter that is released from the motor neuron at the neuromuscular junction is
acetylcholine.
GABA.
ephinephrine.
dopamine.
serotonin.

Back 27

acetylcholine

Front 28

Acetylcholine stimulates the opening of chemically-regulated ion channels, causing a depolarization called a(n)
neuromuscular junction.
temporal summation.
inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP).
excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP).
synaptic integration.

Back 28

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP).

Front 29

The effect of myelin and nodes of Ranvier is to make nerve impulses travel
away from as well as toward the cell body.
faster.
in many directions at once.
laterally from axon to axon.
slower.

Back 29

faster

Front 30

The gap into which neurotransmitters are released is called a(n)
gap junction.
synaptic cleft.
postsynaptic membrane.
presynaptic membrane.
impulse channel.

Back 30

synaptic cleft.

Front 31

Biogenic amines include
epinephrine and norepinephrine.
dopamine and serotonin.
glycine and GABA.
epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, glycine, and GABA.
epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin

Back 31

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin

Front 32

At the myelinated area of the axon (i.e., not at the node of Ranvier), which one of the following is true?
There is an increased number of voltage-gated sodium channels
There is an increased resistance across membrane
There is an increased capacitance across membrane
There is an increased transport of potassium across membrane

Back 32

There is an increased resistance across membrane

Front 33

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the possible effects that addictive drugs have on the nervous system?
Cocaine binds to dopamine transporter proteins on the presynaptic membrane, thus more dopamine is left in the synapse for a longer period of time
Cocaine affects neurons in the limbic system, otherwise known as the “pleasure center”
Nicotine binds directly to receptors on the presynaptic membrane
Nicotine is not naturally produced in the body
Nicotine binds to a class of receptors in the brain that normally binds the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

Back 33

Nicotine binds directly to receptors on the presynaptic membrane

Front 34

Which of the following drugs has been discovered to bind to acetylcholine receptors?
serotonin reuptake inhibitors
thorazine
cocaine
codeine
nicotine

Back 34

nicotine

Front 35

In arthropods, locomotion is accomplished by muscles that work against
each other.
the exoskeleton.
a hydrostatic skeleton.
mineralized bones.
the pseudocoel.

Back 35

the exoskeleton.

Front 36

The human skeleton is a typical vertebrate
endoskeleton.
exoskeleton.
hydraulic skeleton.
axial skeleton only.
appendicular skeleton only.

Back 36

endoskeleton

Front 37

The chemical released by somatic motor neurons is
noradrenaline.
adrenaline.
acetylcholine.
sarcocholine.
sarcoadrenaline.

Back 37

acetylcholine

Front 38

In a stimulated muscle fiber, the calcium ions released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum bind to the protein _______.
troponin
tropomyosin
actin
myosin

Back 38

troponin

Front 39

The structure causing the muscle depolarization to travel deep into the muscle fiber is the ______.
T tubule
sarcoplasmic reticulum
motor unit
sarcomere

Back 39

T tubule

Front 40

Which of the following is the smallest unit in terms of size?
fascicle
myofibril
fiber
nuclei
myofilaments

Back 40

myofilaments

Front 41

Which of the following is required to detach myosin from actin?
calcium
ATP
phosphate
troponin
tropomyosin

Back 41

ATP

Front 42

Sustained contraction is called
twitching.
summation.
tetanus.
recruitment.
isometric binding.

Back 42

tetanus

Front 43

Myofibril contractile subunits, the sarcomeres, are bounded on each end by a disc of protein called the
H line.
I line.
I zone.
Z line.
Z frame.

Back 43

Z line.

Front 44

A cross bridge is the binding of which two proteins?
actin and myosin
actin and troponin
myosin and troponin
collagen and troponin
myosin and collagen

Back 44

actin and myosin

Front 45

All input from sensory neurons to the central nervous system arrives in the same form, as ____________ propagated by afferent sensory neurons. Perception of the stimuli about type and intensity depend on the projection of the impulse to which part of the brain and its frequency by the action potentials
receptor potentials
reflexes
frequency localizations
thresholds

Back 45

action potentials

Front 46

The mechanism by which sensory information is conveyed to the CNS is composed of which sequential steps?
stimulation and transduction
transmission and interpretation
neurotransmitter release and ion flow through the synaptic cleft
stimulation, transduction, transmission, and interpretation
stimulation, transduction, transmission, interpretation, and neurotransmitter release

Back 46

stimulation, transduction, transmission, and interpretation

Front 47

The simplest sensory receptors are __________ that respond to mechanical distortion, changes in temperature, or specific chemicals.
nociceptors
free nerve endings
gated channels
photoreceptors
ganglia

Back 47

free nerve endings

Front 48

The Organ of Corti consists of the
sensory apparatus consisting of the basilar membrane.
the tectorial membrane and the basilar membrane.
hair cells with associated neurons.
hair cells with associated neurons and the tectorial membrane.
the basilar membrane, the tectorial membrane, and hair cells.

Back 48

the basilar membrane, the tectorial membrane, and hair cells.

Front 49

Exteroceptors can sense all of the following stimuli except
gravity.
smell.
light.
muscle tension.
sound.

Back 49

muscle tension.

Front 50

Interoceptors can recognize all of the following stimuli except
limb position.
pain.
gravity.
body temperature.
muscle length.

Back 50

gravity

Front 51

All of the following are mechanoreceptors except
Meissner's corpuscles.
Ruffini endings.
Merkel cells.
red corpuscles.
Pacinian corpuscles.

Back 51

red corpuscles.

Front 52

Different nociceptors may respond to all of the following except
extremes in temperature.
very intense mechanical stimulation.
specific chemicals in the extracellular fluid.
chemicals released by injured cells.
external odorant molecules.

Back 52

external odorant molecules

Front 53

Which of the following constitute the vestibular apparatus?
saccule and utricle
semicircular canals, saccule, and utricle
ampullae of Lorenzini
Merkel cells
saccule, utricle, and ventricle

Back 53

semicircular canals, saccule, and utricle

Front 54

In the ear, high frequency sounds tend to
displace the whole length of the basilar membrane with a maximum near the apex.
move only the basal portion of the basilar membrane.
move only the apex portion of the basilar membrane.
move only the portion of the basilar membrane between the basal portion and the apex.
only move the tectorial membrane.

Back 54

move only the basal portion of the basilar membrane.

Front 55

All of the animal phyla listed have a network of nerve cells for gathering information from the environment except
sponges.
cnidaria.
platyhelminthes.
nematoda.
mollusca.

Back 55

sponges

Front 56

The hippocampus and amygdala are, together with the hypothalamus, the major components of the ______ system.
reticular-activating
reflex
parasympathetic
limbic
autonomic

Back 56

limbic

Front 57

The spinal cord is enclosed and protected by the vertebral column and layers of membranes called
neural net.
white matter.
dorsal root.
meninges.
viscera.

Back 57

meninges

Front 58

In the brain, the _______ receive(s) sensory information from ascending nerve tracts and motor commands from the cerebral cortex and cerebellum.
basal ganglia
pituitary gland
parietal lobe
thalamus
medula oblongata

Back 58

basal ganglia

Front 59

Which of the following is an example of a monosynaptic reflex arc?
Knee-jerk reflex
Withdrawal of a hand from a hot stove
Blinking of an eye in response to a puff of air
Cutaneous spinal reflex
Knee-jerk reflex and cutaneous spinal reflex

Back 59

Knee-jerk reflex

Front 60

The autonomic nervous system regulates the activity of all of the following except
skeletal muscles.
cardiac muscles.
glands of the body.
smooth muscles.
none of these

Back 60

skeletal muscles.

Front 61

The primary function of the hindbrain in vertebrates is
temperature control.
integration of sensory data.
memory storage.
control of the heartbeat.
coordination of motor reflexes.

Back 61

coordination of motor reflexes.

Front 62

The cerebrum consists of all of the following hemispheres except the
frontal.
parietal.
optic.
temporal.
occipital.

Back 62

optic

Front 63

The site of primary sensory integration in the brain is called the
medulla oblongata.
cerebrum.
cerebellum.
thalamus.
corpus callosum.

Back 63

thalamus

Front 64

The region of the brain that integrates visceral activities, body temperature, and heartbeat is the
medulla oblongata.
cerebrum.
hypothalamus.
thalamus.
corpus callosum.

Back 64

hypothalamus