Bio 410 Lect 4 (T.1)

Front 1

____ is a lot faster and more voluntary (airplane).
____ is almost opposite (car).

Back 1

Neural
Hormonal

Front 2

____, in animals that have a bicornate uterus (most litter bearing animals)
Label individuals (females) based on who they are beside. 0M up to 2M.
This is typically done on females, larger affect on them.

Back 2

IUP effect

Front 3

____ has a large affect on wombmates, it travels around womb.
Who you are beside in womb can ultimately affect your physiology etc as a adult._____

Back 3

Testosterone
IUP effect

Front 4

Higher levels of ____ in males affects differently from male to female. In males this is probably due to estrogen levels.

Back 4

Testosterone

Front 5

____ - know we can measure this instead of ultrasound etc to know womb positioning.

Back 5

Anogenital distance (AGD)

Front 6

One example females mice. Nature vs nurture: less or more male offspring as a result.

Back 6

IUP effect

Front 7

Male mice: more or less infanticide
These are hormonal effects during development that affect Adult behaviors.

Back 7

IUP effect

Front 8

This field is ____.
Started long ago, castrating bulls etc.
Eunuchs and Castrati - less testosterone

Back 8

behavioral endocrinology

Front 9

____ - castrated rooster

Back 9

Capon

Front 10

____ proposal: secretory, blood-borne product responsible (for a normal male rooster)
We now know that this is testosterone.

Back 10

Berthold

Front 11

____ - testes are transplantable, tests function normally after nerves severed.

Back 11

Berthold

Front 12

Most hormones are ____ - specific, fast acting

Back 12

peptides

Front 13

____ - substance secreted in one part of the body that causes changes in other parts; secreted by endocrine glands or neurons

Back 13

Hormone

Front 14

____ glands - secrete products into spaced between cells, no ducts.

Back 14

Endocrine

Front 15

____ gland - into a duct, ex tears

Back 15

Exocrine

Front 16

____ hormones -
Water soluble so cant get through membrane so,
2nd messenger system, think of the game mousetrap.

Back 16

Peptide

Front 17

____ hormones, lipid soluble so can go directly through the membrane/cell itself.

Back 17

Steroid

Front 18

___hormones
Typically slower, starting from scratch.

Back 18

Steroid

Front 19

Most feedback loops are ____. (think thermostat in a house)

Back 19

negative

Front 20

2 important positive feedback loops in humans:

Back 20

orgasm
childbirth

Front 21

All ____ releases are regulated by feedback loops.

Back 21

hypothalamic

Front 22

____ is an endocrine gland. (Master Gland)

Back 22

Pituitary

Front 23

____ of the pituitary is connected to the brain by nerves.
____ of the pituitary is connected to the brain by capillaries.

Back 23

Posterior
Anterior

Front 24

____ probably goes back to the enkephalons, they are released by pain etc but often even if you have think you have the sensation.

Back 24

Placebo effect

Front 25

Vertebrates endocrine system :
2 key things:

Back 25

Connect hypothalamus to the pituitary system
Endocrine glands throughout the body

Front 26

Hypothalamus sends ____ to the Anterior Pituitary via capillaries causing it to release the hormones it produces and stores.
This is why we thought the ____ was the master gland because we did not know of the hypothalamus.

Back 26

releasing factors
pituitary

Front 27

____, conserves energy and prevents accommodation - so cells do not become desensitized to it.

Back 27

Pulsatile release of hormones

Front 28

____ does not produce hormones, it only stores them (produced by hypothalamus).
____

Back 28

Posterior Pituitary
Oxytocin
Vasopressin (ADH)

Front 29

Remember ____ sexes produce androgens, estrogens and progestins. Just in different amounts and used differently.

Back 29

both

Front 30

Only when receptive, in ____ will allow mating to occur (in many species)

Back 30

estrus

Front 31

____ (noun)
____ (adjective)

Back 31

Estrus
Estrous

Front 32

In ____
Vs
____ Female

Back 32

Estrus
Estrous

Front 33

Know 4 stages name

Back 33

Diestrus
Proestrus
Estrus
Metestrus

Front 34

____ - inactive period
____ - leading up to estrus
____ - ovulation occurs
____ - after ovulation

Back 34

Diestrus
Proestrus
Estrus
Metestrus

Front 35

____ - hormone of gestation, maintaining pregnancy

____ triggers ovulation

Back 35

Progesterone
LH surge

Front 36

Vaginal proestrus = ___

Back 36

behavioral estrus

Front 37

Behavioral estrus "in heat" starts in ____

Back 37

proestrus

Front 38

Clear estrous cycles - often ____ changes

Back 38

physiological

Front 39

"In heat" behavior changes dramatically, due to one thing only ____. In females due to ____ cycle - regular cycling of hormones. Change their behavior dramatically.

Back 39

Hormones
estrous

Front 40

Some species have ____ cycles (human)

Back 40

hidden estrous

Front 41

Which type of hormone produces the fastest response? ____

Back 41

Peptide

Front 42

A positive feedback loop causes a self-amplifying cycle where a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction?

Back 42

True

Front 43

During which of the following vaginal phases would you expect to see a female rat cross an electrical field to reach a male?

Back 43

Proestrus

Front 44

Male lion takes over a pride of females. 

Back 44

Bruce Effect

Front 45

Activational effects of testosterone in humans include the amount of eye contact infants make with their mother?

Back 45

False

Front 46

Activational effects of testosterone in humans include level changes after watching an intense sports competition?

Back 46

True

Front 47

There is a spelling mistake in the following sentence. Human females have hidden estrous cycles?

Back 47

False

Front 48

What of the following is produced in the posterior pituitary gland?

Back 48

Nothing

Front 49

Continuum - along the scale from ____ ovulators to ____ ovulators.

Back 49

spontaneous
induced

Front 50

____ Ovulator - ovulate on a regular cycle due to hormones cycling

Back 50

Spontaneous

Front 51

____ ovulator - based on day length, hormones change, go into behavioral estrus, then ovulation is induced by mating. (cats)

Back 51

Induced

Front 52

Only ovulates if they mate, (pregnancy fairly guaranteed)

Back 52

Induced ovulator

Front 53

____ effect- exposure to males accelerates puberty of females and reverse is true, only females puberty is slower

Back 53

Vandenbergh

Front 54

____ effect-terminate pregnancy around new male, to try to avoid infanticide

Back 54

Bruce

Front 55

____ effect - cycles lengthen when females are together

Back 55

Lee-Boot

Front 56

___ effect- estrus (and thus copulation) synchrony

Back 56

Whitten

Front 57

(top two combined ____, can stop ovulating entirely when not around males)

Back 57

Lee-Boot
Whitten

Front 58

Environment/who you are around can affect ____ cycles.
These are female effects.

Back 58

estrous

Front 59

____ - (in roosters) Males sexual ability/prowess increases when with many females.
Opposite in voles.

Back 59

Coolidge Effect
not due to any researcher, but after president coolidge

Front 60

(Steroid typically refers to ____ and ____)

Back 60

estrogen
testosterone

Front 61

____ Effect of Hormones - individual exposed early in life to hormone, and permanent change in behavior (remember IUP effect)

Back 61

Organizational
ex.
Or example of circumcision gone wrong and made him a girl, but he was a boy! (in his own head etc)
The testosterone arranges the male brain

Front 62

____ affects.
Longer infant eye contact with mother.
Length of ring finger, hox gene affected by ring fingers.
Muscles - affected by testosterone early on

Back 62

Testosterone

Front 63

____ - The hormone has to be in place at that time for the behavior.

Back 63

Activational

Front 64

(Need the ____ effect early on to be able to do the ____ effect later on)

Back 64

organizational
activational

Front 65

Environment affects ____ which then affects the mount rate.

Back 65

testosterone

Front 66

Social effects, on ____ levels,
Depending on whom you are around then affects ____ levels. (defeat/around large males)

Back 66

testosterone
testosterone

Front 67

____, need to become more aware of.
Get into our bodies and disrupt our endocrine/hormone system.
Can have some very adverse affects, not just on us but wildlife.

Back 67

Endocrine disruptors

Front 68

Environmental Estrogens - mimic ____

Back 68

estrogen

Front 69

____ - block testosterone

Back 69

Antiandrogens

Front 70

____, These can have organizational (permanent effects) or
Activational affects (temporary on adult system etc)

Back 70

Endocrine disruptors

Front 71

(testosterone endocrine disruptors)
____ - blocks the hormone

Back 71

Antagonist

Front 72

(Estrogen endocrine disruptors)
____ - mimics but different effects
____ - mimics and causes huge reaction

Back 72

Agonist
Excessive

Front 73

2 major classes of endocrine disruptors:

Back 73

Environmental estrogens / xenoestrogens
Antiandrogens

Front 74

____ etc loaded in plastics, do not use plastic in microwave, get hot and they leech into food/water etc.

Back 74

Thalates

Front 75

____ - serious neurological problems, low IQ scores

Back 75

PCB

Front 76

____, prenatal exposure now have higher rates of cervical cancer

Back 76

DES

Front 77

Other ____ in our environment causing -
Reduced sperm counts
Increases hypospadias
Increased breast and prostate cancer rates

Back 77

chemicals