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309 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some examples of plants in the fern group?
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equisetum, true ferns, club mosses, and whisk ferns
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what is the oldest fern?
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equisetum
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What generation is dominant in ferns?
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sporophyte
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Examples of bryophytes
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mosses and liverworts
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What is the most primitive plant group?
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bryophytes
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What is the ancestor of bryohphytes
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green algae
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Why are bryophytes so small
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they lack vascular tissue
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Do bryophytes have seeds?
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No, they only have spores
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How do bryophytes reproduce?
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using water
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What is the bryophyte dominant generation?
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gametophyte
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What are some examples of plants in the fern group?
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equisetum, true ferns, club mosses, and whisk ferns
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what is the oldest fern?
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equisetum
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What generation is dominant in ferns?
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sporophyte
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Do ferns make seeds?
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No, they use spores
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What is the oldest living tree?
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bristle cone pine
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What is the tallest tree?
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sequoia
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How are gymnosperms important to the economy?
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contruction, wood, paper, and christmas trees
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What covers the seeds of angiosperms?
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ovary and fruit
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what percent of the plant kingdom are angiosperms?
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90%
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Can you pollinate something without fertilizing it?
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yes
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What is double fertilization?
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sperm fertilizes egg and the polar nuclei to form endosperm (3N)
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How are angiosperms dispersed?
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mainly through animals
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What are the parts of the flower?
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Know: stamen, filament, anther, petal, pistil, stigma, style, ovary, perianth, petal, and sepal
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What is fruit used for?
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dispersal and protection of the seed
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What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis
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Water+CO2 = O2 + glucose
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What is primary growth?
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when the plant grows taller
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what is secondary growth?
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plant girth widens
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What are the two vascular tissues?
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phloem- sugar and xylem- water
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What are the three ground tissues?
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parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
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What is collenchyma used for?
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flexible support
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What is sclerenchyma used for?
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rigid support
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What is parenchyma used for?
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various tissues and photosynthesis
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What is the stomata good for?
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gas exchange in the leaves
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Understand the life cycle of plants
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look at picture |
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What are the differences between monocots and dicots
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look at picture |
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What is allelopathy?
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a method in which plants use chemicals to kill or inhibit other plants.
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What are the primary compounds?
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lipids, carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids that are essential for survival
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what are the secondary compounds?
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alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, glycosides
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alkaloids
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bitter tasting nitrogenous compounds (caffeine, nicotine, cocaine
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terpenoids
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composed of isprene units (hydrocarbon) (ex. rubber, taxol)
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phenolics
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aromatic rings with hydroxl groups (tannins, aspirin)
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glycosides
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molecule with glycoside bond between carbon and sugar group (salicin, digitoxin)
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What is the doctrine of signatures?
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what a plant looks like is what it cures
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What is the most important gymnosperm group economically and diverse?
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conifers
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Why is it important to protect the rain forests?
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they contain more biodiversity than the sum of all other biomes
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When are rainforests estimated to be completely irradicated from the earth?
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30 years at the current rate we are going
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What percent of the earth do rainforests cover?
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7%
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Who is the father of taxonomy?
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Linnaeus
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What group of plants provides the most of humanity's food and medicines?
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angiosperms
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What are the major causes of deforestation?
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slashing and burning for cattle ranching, cutting wood for fuel, clearing land for growing major commodity crops, and profitability of exotic woods from the rain forests
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What is the most diverse secondary metabolite group?
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terpenes
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What is the most useful secondary metabolite group?
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alkaloids
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What drugs are derived from the opium poppy?
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morphine, opium, heroin, codein, papaverine
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Is oxycodone derived from the opium poppy?
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yes
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What company was heroin first made at?
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Bayer
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What drug is the chief opiate problem in the world?
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heroin
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Do traditional healers still play a vital role in treating illnesses in many of the remote parts of the world today?
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yes
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What type of healer incorporates divination?
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shamanistic
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What percent of people use plants as their sole medication?
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80%
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What did early humans believe illnesses were caused by?
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supernatural forces
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What was the first medical plant mentioned in an ancient document?
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opium poppy
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What is a plant that helps treat leprosy?
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Chaulmoogra
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Where was the doctrine of signatures popular?
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europe
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Why are sacred groves important?
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serve as places of religious practices and customs, contain a diversity of meicinal plant species, contain important plants in treatment of malaria in Afria
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Where do the greastes abundance of sacred groves occur?
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India
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Which technique yields the most discovery of new drugs?
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ethnobotany
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What provides us with indirect evidence of medicinal plant usage from the past
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old graves
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What did William Withering cure and with what?
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Dropsy with foxglove
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Why is aspirin so awesome?
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inhibits a key enzyme that mediates pain, can save someone having a heart attack or stroke, may help prevent cancers
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Should aspririn be used for children?
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no because of Reyes syndrome
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Why is snakeroot significant?
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it helped pioneed the understanding of psychiatric disorders
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Who is credited with writing the first herbal?
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Shen Nung
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What plant is aspirin derived from?
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willow
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What type of plant to flies help pollinate?
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produce heat and foul smelling odors
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Do animals that receive nectar from flowers always disperse pollen afterwards?
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no
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what type of flowers do bees tend to favor?
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yellow flowers that produce significant amounts of scnet
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what type of flowers do bats tend to pollinate?
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white flowers with significant amounts of nectar
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What percentage of drugs is still derived from one ormore plants?
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25%
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What happened to the chestnuts?
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they were decimated from American forests within less than 5 decades because of the blight caused by a fungus
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why are chestnuts valuable?
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food and treatment for whooping cough
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Is the chestnut blight still a problem?
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yes and the trees are in danger
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Alkaloids are the principle compound found in which plant families?
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parsley, bean, and potato
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What do nearly all living organisms depend on plants for their _____ source?
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carbon
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What is usually the active component in plant-based medicines?
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secondary metabolites
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What is ethnobotany?
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the study of relationships between people and their plants
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What are some characteristics of the mustard family?
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help prevent health problems, flower petals occur in the shape of a cross, contain an abundance of strong glucosinolate compounds
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What is mint helpful in treating?
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irritable bowel syndrome
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what plant can help people who suffer from flatulence?
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rosemary
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What can help decrease cavity-causing bacteria in the mouth?
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wasabi
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What is sheperd's purse helpful for?
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stopping bleeding
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What is tomato consumption linked in reducing?
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some types of cancers
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How was curare first discovered?
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through ethnobotany
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What is curare helpful for?
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use in surgery as a muscle relaxant that makes it safer because patients will need less anesthesia
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What are some compounds that are attributed to the poisonous nature of some plants?
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alcohols, glycosides, alkaloids
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How are herbariums helpful?
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keep for centuries, help people locate plants based on geographical information, plants metabolites can still be extracted, and help catalog botanical diversity
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What are the top desirable plant properties pharmaceutical companies look for?
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antibiotic, antiviral, chemotherapeutic, and psychoactive
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vascular tissue
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the largest difference between mosses and ferns
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glycoside
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a plant chemical characterized by its sugar group
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embryo
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largest difference between plants and their ancestor
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phenolic
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a schented chemical in plants with a hydroxl ring
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alkaloid
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a nitrogenous chemical found in many plants
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bryophytes
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the group where the gametophyte is the dominant generation
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ginkgo group
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the one group that has one living species that is used as a top 3 selling herbal remedy in the US
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terpene
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a chemical in plants that is composed of repeating units of carbon and hydrogen
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respiration
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process that breaks down sugar to release energy
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What is the primary compound of the mint family
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terpenes
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why is the papya useful as a drug?
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to help with slipped vertebrae
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Is the papya still used in the US
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no, because they had bad trial runs
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What are three things that threaten our medicinal plant species?
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habitat destruction, over collection, and plant diseases
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what drug is considered the largest breakthrough in the entire field of pharmaceutical chemistry?
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aspirin
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What are some uses of aspirin?
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anti-inflammatory, fever reducer, pain reducer, etc.
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What are some charcteristics of the mint family?
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aromatic, square stems, flowers at branch axis, opposite leaves, terpenes
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What are some examples of helpful mints?
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peppermint, spearmint, lavender, rosemary
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What are some examples of harmful mints?
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sage, pennyroyal, basil
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What are some helpful mustard plants?
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horseradish, sheperd's purse, and garden cress
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What are some examples of harmful mustard plants?
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horseradish, black mustard, oilseed rape
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What are some characteristics of the parsley family?
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firework structure, hollow stems, highly dissected leaves, alkaloids
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what are some examples of helpful parsley plants?
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dill, caraway, coriander
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What are some examples of harmful parsley plants?
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fennel, water hemlock,
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What are some characeristics of the bean family?
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distinct flowers, tendrils, legume pods, single leaf with many leaflets
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what are some examples of helpful bean plants?
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soybean, licorice, alfalfa
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What are some examples of harmful bean plants?
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broad bean, lupines, rosary pea,
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What are some characteristics of the potato family?
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5 lobed petals, berry fruit, compound leaves, alkaloids
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what are some examples of helpful potato plants?
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chili pepper, tomato
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What are some examples of harmful potato plants?
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jmson weed, nightshade, mandrake
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What industry almost completely destroyed the pacific yew?
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lumber
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What was the lumber industry doing when it almost destroyed the pacific yew?
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clearing land
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who is the father of medicine?
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hippocrates
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What type of secondary metabolite is the most important, medically speaking?
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alkaloids
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What was the first plant to ever have one of its active ingredients isolated
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opium poppy
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Where is coca native to?
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Andes Mountains
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What plant's chemical derivatives and molecular blueprints are used today in modern medicine?
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coca
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What plant is still added to certain beverages in the US?
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coca
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What fungal phylum is the most diverse and produces sacs with eight sexual spores?
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ascomycota
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Drinking a few cups of what will potentially reduce the risk of certain cancers?
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green tea
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LDL cholesterol will be lowered if you drink what?
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several cups of green tea daily
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What is the worlds most popular caffeinated beverage?
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tea
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Which herbal remedy has reduced symptom severity of influenza infections by blocking viral replication?
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black elderberry
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What results from mycorrhizae associations?
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increased water and mineral uptake by the roots. They are of great importance to roots.
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What is a mycorrhizae relationship?
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plants get increased water and mineral uptake while the fungus gets nutrients
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Why should roadside plants not be collected?
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they could containe benzene and hydrocarbons
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What is a potential concern with the collection of some wild plants?
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accumulation of heavy metals and could be potentially adultered with man-made or naturally occuring toxic chemicals
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What plant was the first herbal remedy to be validated by using the scientific method?
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foxglove
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What helps with BPH?
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palmetto
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What helps reduce the frequency of urinary tract infections?
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cranberry
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Why should you not drink green tea when you are getting chemotherapy?
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Has adverse affects with chemotherapy that contains boron
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What is the number 1 selling US herbal remedy?
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echinacea
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What should not be used before surgery?
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ginkgo biloba
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What are the 4 successful organs transplanted with cyclosporin A?
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heart, liver, kidney, and bone marrow
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What is potentially effective against asthma and migraine headaches?
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ephedra
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Can aloe be orally consumed?
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yes, but not for a long time
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Alkaloids from ______ are used in modern medicine?
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deadly nightshade
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What are some potential sources of taxol?
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european yew, mexican yew, bark cell cultures, and taxomyces fungal cultures
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What do Americans in general believe about herbal remedies in comparison to syntheic drugs?
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herbal remedies are natural and therefore safer than synthetic drus
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How long does it take to develop a new drug?
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approximatly a decade
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When do patented drugs become generic?
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20 year waiting period
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Why are herbal remedies not popular with pharmaceutical corporations?
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they would not yield a large profit
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How much does it cost to develop a new pharmaceutical drug?
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billions
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What are potential concerns related to kava?
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concerns of death and liver toxicity
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What are potential concerns related to chomomile?
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allergies
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What should you not use with pregnancy?
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ginger
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What has concerns of long-term estogenic effects?
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soy
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what causes the most global deaths every year?
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tobacco
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What is more related to animals: plants or fungi?
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fungi
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What is in the walls of fungi?
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chitin
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how to fungi make their energy?
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they are heterotrophs
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What stage do fungi spend the majority of their lives in?
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haploid
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What is St. John's Wort best used for?
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mild- moderate depression- it works just as well as any pharmeutical
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What is a warning related to St.John's Wort?
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it causes a significant reduction in efficacy of several presciption medications
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How many people die from malaria a year?
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2 to 3 million
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Who discovered penicillium?
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Alexander Fleming
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Why was antibiotic development hastened?
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need during WWII
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When was antibiotic resistance first reported?
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Almost immediatly after it was discovered
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What is the leading cause of death by anaphylaxis (allergic reaction)?
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penicillin
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how many people are allergic to penicillin?
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10%
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how do hallucinogens affect neurons?
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audio and visual interpretaion, perception, pain, and emotino
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Was the Madagascar periwinkle used the same way it is now?
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no
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Where are the active principles of the Madagascar periwinkle isolated from?
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leaves
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why are dosages of herbal medicines difficult to decipher?
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the amount of the plant used may vary depending on age and weight
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What is autumn crocus used to treat?
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gout
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What is the best treatment for poisonings?
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activated charcoal?
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Why should ipecac not be used to treat poisonings?
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because it will cause the patient to severly vomit and they will not be able to get any other medications and can cause dehydration
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What is an excellant herbal treatment for poisonings?
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milk thistle
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Nightshade contains atropine which can be helpful after exposure to what?
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nerve gas
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drugs derived from fungi or made synthetically that are used to significantly reduce LDL cholesterol
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statin
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drugs from this are used for congestive heart failure
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foxglove
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fungal phylum that contains flagellated zoospores
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chyridomycota
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fungal group that is strictly asexual
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deuteromycota
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fungistatic drug used for treatment of superficial mycoses
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griseofulvin
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most advanced fungal phlum whose members make sexual spores on club-like structures
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basidiomycota
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an example of a fungal remedy that can help enhance the immune system and help fight cancer
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kawaratake
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an antifungal drug used against potentially lethal mycoses such as aspergillosis
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echinocandin
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the most lethal form of the malaria parasites
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plasmodium falciparum
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the world's primary illegal drug problem in regards to ill effects on human health as well as other societal problems
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heroin
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what is a native plant that helps with the gastrointestinal system?
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blackberry-diarrhea
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what is a native plant that helps with the skin?
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witch hazel- hemorroids
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what is a native plant that helps with the nervous system?
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lemon balm- relaxant/antidepressant
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Why should echinacea not be used by transplant patients?
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it produces more killer cells by igniting the immune system so it would increase the likelyhood of organ rejection
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What is black cohosh used for?
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hormonal control
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what is ginseng used for?
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increase cognitive function
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what is ginkgo biloba used for?
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help with dementia
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what is garlic used for?
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reduce cholesterol
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What can the tropical yew be used for?
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can make synthetic hormones
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What is quina-quina used for?
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used in the past as an anti-malarial
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Lichens are symbiotic relationships between?
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fungi and algae
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What can medical marijuana be helpful in treating?
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asthma, epilepsy, parkinson's disease
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What are two superficial mycoses presented during lecture?
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athletes foot and thrush
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What plant was the first cure for leprosy?
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chaulmoogra
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What is the largest concern with mushroom toxins?
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destroy liver and kidney cells, often lethal, and can affect the CNS or ANS which can lead to hallucinations
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What are amatoxins?
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inhibit mRNA synthesis and are almost always fatal and has no antidote - makes your proteins go all wacky
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Can someone survive amatoxins?
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Yes, but it is very rare and will always require a transplant if someone does
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What happens when someone is exposed to amatoxins?
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starts with dehydration and vomiting, wreaks havor on your liver, then it will destroy your kidneys- if you make it that far
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What % of all mushroom poisonings are caused by amanita?
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50%
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What % of people survive amanita posonings?
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5%
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What specific process do amatoxins stop in the human body?
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mRNA synthesis
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What are three morphological features of a mushroom that signal a potential toxin warning?
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white capped, annulus, volva
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Initial intoxication with the fly agaric is similar to consuming what substance?
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alcohol
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What is ergot?
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hardned fungi on grains
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What are sclerotia?
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the ergot on grains that was harvasted with the healthy ones and made into bread causing ergotism
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What are three hallucinogenic fungi?
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fly agaric, psilocybe, ergot
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What are the two types of ergotism?
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chronic poisoning and acute poisoning
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what does chronic poisoning or ergotism lead to?
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reduced circulation which can lead to amputations
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what does acute poisoning of ergotism lead to?
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cnvulsive ergotism with seizures and hallucinations (thought to be the cause of the salem witch trials
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What are two modern medicinal uses of ergot?
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reduce postpartum bleeding and treat migraine headaches
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What classifiction of psychoactive drugs is alcohol?
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depressant
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What four centers of the brain are depressed during alcohol consumption?
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speech, vision, balance, and judgement
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Where does the majority of the worlds population growth occur?
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developing nations
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What do scientists believe the earth's carrying capacity to be and when will we reach it?
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10 billion in 2050
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What is the green revolution?
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allowed food production to meet and exceed population growth through high yielding varieties and increased use of irrigation, fertilizers, persticides, and mechanization
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What are some drawbacks of high yielding crop varieties?
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plants became smaller (because of larger fruit input) and have fewer protections
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What is the major problem associated with irrigation in arid regions beyond water availability?
|
soil salinization
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What important biogeochemical cycle is being manipulated by humans more than ever before?
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nitrogen cycle- too much can cause excess greenhouse gas
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What was the cost (not money) of he green revolution?
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loss of genetic diversity, depletion of water resources, soil salinzation, loss of fallow periods, health and enviromental issues, and nutritional value
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What methods have been proposed to continue to increase crop yields in the coming decades?
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GMOs, drip irrigation, no-till, IPM
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What is IPM (integrated pest management)
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useing one living agent to kill another
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What is plant pathology?
|
the study of plant diseases
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How many disease do plants get relative to other organisms
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plants have about 95% diseases per host
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What is the plant disease triangle?
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host- genetically suceptible
pathogen- population too high enviroment- stress on plants |
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What are the 4 biotic primary causal agents of plant disesases?
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fungi, bacteria, nematodes, viruses
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despite the heavy use of pesticides what % of crops fail each year?
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50%
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What food crop is the most heavily sprayed with pesticides?
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potatos
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what food crop has the most pesticide residue?
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apples
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What are health problems associated with pesticide use?
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cancer, birth defects, and nerve damage
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What famous book warned about the danger of pesticides?
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silent spring by Rachel Carson
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Where is DDT stored?
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fat
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What groups of people should be particularly concerned about pesticides?
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infants, children, women of child bearing age
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What is the ultimate source of all human food?
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plants
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What are the three human macronutrients?
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carbs, lipids, and protein
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what are the two main classes of human micronutrients?
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vitamins and minerals
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What are the health benefits of eating fiber?
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regulate blood, move things through coon faster, lowers LDL cholesterol
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What are the two types of fiber?
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soluable and insoluable
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What plant family is up at the top as a source of dietary fiber?
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beans
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What is the good type of cholesterol?
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HDL- removes excess cholesterol from body tissues
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Why have birth defect rates in the S dramatically dropped in the last 18 years?
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started putting folic acid in grains
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What percent of the US adult population is overweight or obese?
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35%
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What are two primary factors associated with causing the increased rate of obesity?
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processed foods containing fat and sugars
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up to how many people in the world are unable to fulfill their dialy caloric requirement?
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1.3 billion
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What is undernutrition?
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don't have enough calories
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what is malnutrition?
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not enough nutrients
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What is the most common dietary deficiency in the world?
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iron
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what is kwashiorkor?
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not enough protein
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what is marasmus?
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not enough calories and protein
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What is the primary cause of food scarcity?
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unfair food distribution
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What is chemoprevention?
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chemical prevention
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what is the most important and influential factor determining human health?
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diet
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Who is the founder of nutrition?
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antoine laroisier
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What are the top two disease that cause highest numbers of deaths in America?
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heart disease and cancer
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what are the two leading preventable causes of death in the US (caused by what)?
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smoking and diet
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what is the minimum target today for number of servings of fruits and vegetables?
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7/day
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what are phyto nutrients?
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plant nutrients
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Why is brocolli helpful in warding off cancer?
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it can reduce carcinergens in the body
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What health benefits are associated with the consumption of squash and pumpkin seeds?
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protection against cold and flus, regulate blood sugar, BPH
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What term do people that are opposed to genetic engineering often call GMOs
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frakenfood
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How do we broadly defin biotechnology?
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the use of living organisms to provide products for humanity
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What are some traditional example of biotechnology?
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yeast, yogurt, penicllin
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What is totipotency mean?
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the ability to take a whole plant into a sterile culture and make a whole new plan
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How many plant species constitute the world's major crops?
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22
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how many crops sustain more than half of daily plant calories for humans?
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wheat, corn, and rice
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What is plasmid DNA?
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a genus of bacteria that is able to insert some of its DNA into a plant wherever a marker is placed
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what % of the processed food you buy at the grocery store contains at least one GMO
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75%
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what % of the soybean crop in the US is GMO?
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93%
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The US grows what percent of the World's GM crops?
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70%
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What are at least 4 potential downsides to GMOs?
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violates biological species concept, allergies, corporate control, unintended reduction of nutrition, resistance build up, ethics and intellectual property rights
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What are some positives for GMOs?
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insect resistance, resistance to weeds, more nutrients, faster results, delayed ripeneing
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What causes type I diabetes?
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childhood onset autoimmune disease that does not produce any or not enough insulin
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Which type of diabetes is insulin dependent?
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type I
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How do you get type II diabetes?
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obesity
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What plants can help with type II diabletes?
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french lilac and miracle flower
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What is the preferred conventional medication for type II diabetes?
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metformin
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What is the most common mental illness in the US?
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anxiety
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What are some plants that can help with depression and anxiety?
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valerian, saffron, St. John's wort
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What is electroconvulsive therapy?
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a shock treatment in which seizures are electrically induced in order to help treat a mental illness
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What form of heart disease is the most prevelant in the US?
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coronary artery disease
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What are some plants that are helpful in treating heart disease?
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foxglove, hawthorn, and willow
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What is the name of the bacterium that causes TB?
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mycobcterium tuberculosis
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What are the three primary types of headaches?
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migraine, tension ,and cluster
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What are some plants that can help hedaches?
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feverfew, evening primrose, butterbur, and red pepper
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What is the most common type of arthritis?
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osteoarthritis
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What are some plants associated with relieveing arthritis pain?
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chilli pepper, willow, and cats claw
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What are some conventional medications to help with arthritis?
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steroids, NSAIDS, injections, surgery, acupuncture
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Where does breast cancer rank in US cancer deaths amongst women?
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number 2 behind skin
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What is a useful lant that is relatively effective as a chemotherapy treatment for some breast cancer?
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ephedra
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What are the pathophysiological causes of Alzheimer's disease?
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abnormal accumulation of amyloid proteins, neuritic plaques, and neurofibrilliary tangles
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What are two palnts that are used to potentially delay the progression of alzheimer's disease
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galantamine and huperzine A
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What is crohn's disease?
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a chronic inflammatory disease that involves the intestinal tract
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What is the cause of crohn's disease?
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exact cause is unknown- could be attributed with heredeitary, immune system malfunctions, and enviromental factors
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Where is crohn's disease prevelant?
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Europe and North America
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What are some useful plants to consider in the treatment of Crohn's?
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boswellia, marshmaow, and turmeric
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Do people manage Crohn's disease well?
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no
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