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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Women have a greater amount of body fat than men.
Differences Between Men and Women |
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Women have a lower center of gravity than men. Differences Between Men and Women |
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Men have broader shoulders than hips, women have broader hips than shoulders. Differences Between Men and Women |
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Women's knees are not as stable or efficient as men's knees. Differences Between Men and Women |
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Women's hearts are smaller and beat faster than men's. Differences Between Men and Women |
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Men are generally about 30% stronger than women. Differences Between Men and Women |
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Men have approximately twice the muscle mass of women. Differences Between Men and Women |
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Women smokers are 70% more likely to develop lung cancer. Differences Between Men and Women |
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Women are three times more like to be constipated. Differences Between Men and Women |
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Female livers metabolizes drugs differently than men's. Differences Between Men and Women |
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Men have 15-16% larger brains Differences Between Men and Women |
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Women's brains are better connected. Their corpus callosum is larger. Differences Between Men and Women |
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Infants girls make more babbling sounds than infant boys. Differences Between Men and Women |
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Girl children speak earlier in childhood on average. Differences Between Men and Women |
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Men can retain more urine than women. Differences Between Men and Women |
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1.Hypothalamus
2.Posterior pituitary gland 3.Anterior pituitary gland 4.Thyroid gland 5.Adrenal gland 6.Testes 7.Ovaries |
What are the major glands/organs of the endocrine system?
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-Regulates internal environment through the autonomic nervous system -Pituitary as two portions: Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary |
Hypothalamus
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Stores antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin that are produced by the hypothalamus. |
Posterior Pituitary Gland
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Controlled by hypothalamic-releasing and hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones |
Anterior Pituitary Gland
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It produces thyroxine and triiodothyronine that stimulate metabolism.
Iodine is needed in the diet to allow it to produce its hormones. |
Thyroid Gland |
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Produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol
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Adrenal Gland |
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Produce androgens (e.g., testosterone) –Stimulates growth of the penis and testes –Responsible for male sex characteristics such as facial, underarm, and pubic hair –Prompts the larynx and vocal cords to enlarge, resulting in a lower voice –Promotes muscular strength |
Testes |
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Produce estrogen and progesterone –Stimulate growth of the vagina and uterus –Responsible for secondary sex characteristics such as female body hair, fat distribution, and breast development –Responsible for egg maturation –Regulate the uterine cycle |
Ovaries |
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Gonadotropic Hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Prolactin (PRL) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) Growth hormone (GH) |
Hormones produced by the anterior pituitary:
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Regulatory control of sex hormones
Level of sex hormones are maintained by negative feedback system. (Has a Back) |
In males, testosterone is released after the hypothalamus has released GnRH and stimulated the anterior pituitary gland.
When testosterone rises, it “feeds back” causing the hypothalamus to stop producing GnRH and the anterior pituitary gland to stop producing LH (ICSH) and FSH. |
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During the first weeks of development, the embryo is sexually neutral.
During the 5th-6thweeks of development, the gonads appear and both sets of reproductive systems form: •Mullerian ducts in females •Wolffian ducts in males |
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The X chromosome has ~1,400 genes
•The Y chromosome has ~26 genes including the SRY (sex-determining region of the Y) gene which codes for the Testes Determining Factor (TDF). •There is no SRY copy on the X chromosome |
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By week 7, Testes Determining Factor (TDF) signals for testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to be produced along with Mullerian Inhibiting Factor to prevent the development of female parts.
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Wolffian ducts develop into the epididymis and the ductus deferens.
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Differentiation of the brain begins during the 12th week of the embryonic stage.
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Critical period for hypothalamic development is the 2nd to 5th month. This may be the time when sexual orientation occurs
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Both male and female brains contain receptors for estrogen.
–In males, the enzyme Aromatase converts testosterone into estradiol which stimulates neurons to grow in specific regions of the brain.–In females, the brain is not masculinized because high levels of alpha-fetoproteins bind to estrogen's in the bloodstream. |
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The adrenal gland matures and increases the output of hormones, including the sex hormones.
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Adrenarche
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The first menstruation that occurs in a female.
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Menarche |
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At start of puberty –hypothalamus increase production of GnRH, causing pituitary and gonads to increase production of sex hormones
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Girls reach puberty before boys.
The first sign of puberty for girls begins around age 8-13 with a growth spurt and the development of “breast buds”. Menarche follows about 2 years later. African-American girls start menstruation at a mean age of 12.2 yrs, Caucasian girls at 12.9 yrs |
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The average amount of body fat for menarche is around?
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24% |
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Boys reach puberty at approximately 13 years of age.
The first sign of sexual maturity is thinning of the scrotum and growth of the testicles between the age of 10 to 12 years old. The penis and accessory sex organs also enlarge. The larynx enlarges and voice deepens. |
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Testosterone works in 2 stages on the brain:
1. Organizational stage –Prenatally, testosterone masculinizes the brain. 2. Activational stage –During adolescence, the increase in testosterone causes secondary sex characteristics to develop and influences male behavior. |
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Factors affecting the age of Menarche? |
Better nutrition
Better health Higher body fat Chemical additives and hormones in meat Other environmental factors |
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Genetically normal males produce androgens, but do not have receptors in the body to bind the hormones. They are born with undescended testes and the external genitalia appear female. The child is often raised as a female.
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Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome:
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Genetically normal females are born missing an enzyme used in the production of cortisol by the adrenal glands. Since the synthesis of cortisol is blocked, the metabolic pathway produces high levels of androgens instead. The child is born with an enlarged clitoris which resembles a penis. The child may be mistaken for a male and raised as a boy.
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Adrenogenital Syndrome:
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Genetically XY males have an inherited enzyme deficiency that prevents the conversion of testosterone into DHT. This results in a small clitoris-sized penis and an incomplete closure of the scrotum resembling the labia majora. The children are raised as females.
However, when the children reach puberty, increased testosterone causes the penis to develop, the scrotum forms, and the testes descend into the newly formed scrotum. The children exhibit male behavior and usually change their gender identities to males. |
Dominican Republic Syndrome
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Sacs that hold the testes
Help regulate the temperature of the testes |
Scrotum
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Paired organs that produce sperm and male sex hormones (Androgens)
Composed of seminiferous tubules where sperm are being produced |
Testes |
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Sperm mature and are stored here
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Epididymis
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Transports sperm to the urethra
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Vas (ductus) deferens
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Transports sperm out of the body
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Urethra
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Produce several thousand sperm/sec or 100-200 million sperm/day.
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Seminiferous Tubules
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Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra Penile (or spongy) urethra |
Three Parts of the Male Urethra |
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Produces a highly alkaline fluid whichcomprises the bulk of the fluid in theejaculate. Seminal fluid is alkaline toneutralize the acidity of the vagina andis high in fructose to provide energy forthe sperm.
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Seminal Vesicles
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Produces an alkaline fluid to help buffer the acidic pH of the vagina and make sperm motile
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Prostate |
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Secretes a mucous-like fluid that lubricatesthe tip of the penis and helps neutralizeany residual urine in the urethra.
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Bulbourethral Glands
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Sperm Anatomy 3 parts –The head is covered by a cap called the acrosome which stores enzymes needed to penetrate the egg. –The middle piece contains mitochondria to make ATP. –The tail provides movement for the sperm |
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Composition of Semen Sperm from testes Fluids from accessory reproductive glands |
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Produce eggs and sex hormones
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Ovaries |
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Allows passage of sperm to the reach the eggs and is the route that the fertilized egg travels to reach the uterus. This is the most common site of fertilization
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Uterine (Ovarian) tubes
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Normal site of implantation and fetal development
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Uterus
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Opening to the uterus that can dilate during childbirth
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Cervix
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Birth canal and the copulatory organ of the female
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Vagina
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This is the formation and release of an immature egg.
It is controlled by GnRH from the hypothalamus. |
The Ovarian Cycle
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The Ovarian Cycle
2 phases Follicular phase -FSH promotes the development of a follicle that secretes estrogen. -An estrogen spike leads to a surge in LH and ovulation around day 14 in the 28-day cycle. Luteal phase -LH promotes the development of the corpus luteum that functions to secrete progesterone. -When pregnancy does not occur, menstruation begins. |
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Uterine Cycle A 28-day cyclic event in the uterus: -Days 1-5: low levels of estrogen and progesterone cause the inner uterine lining (endometrium) to disintegrate, and menstruation occurs -Days 6-14 (proliferative phase): increase in estrogen causes the endometrium to thicken -Day 14: ovulation usually occurs -Days 14-28 (secretory phase): increase in progesterone causes endometrium to double or triple in thickness in preparation for the developing embryo; if the egg is not fertilized then the corpus luteum regresses and the endometrium breaks down. |
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Endometrium
-Stratum functionalis :Also known as the Functional layer;The layer that is lost during each menses -Stratum basalis:Also known as the Basal layerThe layer that regenerates the stratum functionalis |
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Wall of Uterus Two Layers - Myometrium: Outer, Thickest layer composed of smooth muscle. - Endometrium |
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Homologous Structures Labia majora - Scrotum Labia minora - Penile urethra Clitoris - Penis Glans clitoris - Glans penis Prepuce of the clitoris - Prepuce of the penis Ovaries - Testes Uterine Tubes - Ductus (vas) deferens |
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Menstruation:
- Normal menstrual cycle = 21- 35 days - Average blood lost = 50 mls (ranging from 10-200 mls) - Average number of days that bleeding occurs = 3-7 days (x=5 days) |
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Supplying blood to the endometrium are corkscrew-shaped arteries called “Spiral arteries”. Several days before menses, the tips of the spiral arteries elongate and become more tightly coiled which causes a decrease in the blood flow to the endometrium. Twenty-four hours before the onset of bleeding, the spiral arteries constrict tightly, shutting off all blood flow to the endometrium, thereby causing the endometrial tissue to die. Just before the onset of bleeding, the arteries temporarily open again, allowing blood to rush into pockets that have formed underneath the dead tissue.(Back)
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The pressure of the blood underneath the dead tissue causes the lining to swell and burst, which starts the flow of blood from the uterus. The spiral arteries then constrict tightly again preventing additional blood loss. To induce constriction of all the spiral arteries at once, the uterus produces prostaglandins, which cause smooth muscle contractions in the arteriole walls.
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Is a term describing physical and emotional symptoms that many women experience before a menstrual period. The symptoms appear between 1 to 2 weeks before onset of menstruation and abate shortly after the period begins. More than 150 symptoms have been attributed toit.
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PMS |
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PMS Symptoms Abdominal discomfort and bloating Breast tenderness Headaches Sleep problems Fatigue, lethargy Mood swings Social withdrawal Depression Low self-esteem Anxiety |
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For a diagnosis of this, a woman must have at least 5 symptoms of PMS and the symptoms must severely interfere with her normal daily activities.
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PMDD |
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This is a term used to describe the cluster of symptoms that you may experience in the latter half of your menstrual cycle.
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Molimina
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