Bio 303 Exam 4

Front 1

What are the four primary questions asked by researchers in evolutionary medicine?

Back 1

1. How does our evolutionary legacy influence present day health problems?

2. How do medications shape the evolution of pathogen resistance?

3. Are our conditions symptoms or adaptations?

4. How do the ecological phenomena of corridors and barriers shape evolution of virulence?

Front 2

1. __________: 65% Lean game, wild fowl, eggs, fish, shellfish; 35% Fruits, vegetables, nuts, honey.

2. __________: 55% Cereal grains, milk, milk products, sugar, sweeteners, separated fats, alcohol; 28% Fatty meat, poultry, eggs, fish, shellfish; 17% Fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts.

Back 2

1.Hunter-gatherer
2. American

Front 3

Why are humans so freaking lazy (explained from an evolutionary point of view)?

Back 3

The average american human diet has changes to eat more fattening food, they are more sedentary, and uses energy less than 1.2 times his or her resting metabolic rate.
Modern humans are largely still adapted to life in the stone age.

Front 4

What are autoimmune diseases?

Back 4

the immune system mistakes some part of the body as a pathogen and attacks its own cells.

Front 5

What is germ theory?

Back 5

discovery in the late 19th century that some infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms, small organisms too small to see without magnification, that invade the host.

Front 6

What is the anatomy of the Influenza A virus that makes it problematic?

Back 6

Two major surface proteins: hemagglutinin and neuramnidase.
8 RNA's on the inside

Front 7

How does the Influenza A virus initiate a infection?

Back 7

Hemagglutin binds to sialic acid on the surface of a host cell.

Front 8

What are the antigenic sites and where are they found?

Back 8

Antigenic sites are the specific parts of a foreign protein that the immune system recognizes and remembers.

Front 9

How many antigenic sites of hemagglutinin are recognized by the immune system?

Back 9

5

Front 10

How can host manipulation function as a corridor?

Back 10

The host can use medicine to keep their body temperature down or to relieve symptoms. This allows the infection to keep growing and reproducing.

Front 11

What is rabies and how does it spread?

Back 11

a contagious and fatal viral disease of dogs and other mammals that causes madness and convulsions, transmissible through the saliva to humans.

Transmissible between species and usually transmits through a bite.

Front 12

What is the relationship between flu, humans, pigs and birds (especially ducks)?

Back 12

Flu strains infect humans, pigs, and birds.
Human flu can infect pigs, bird flu can infect pigs, pig flu can infect people

Front 13

Why does the autoimmune system attack the body?

Back 13

• Ancestors dealt with a lot of parasites
• The immune system evolved to protect against parasites
• Take away the parasite load, the immune system will start attacking the tissues in the body

Front 14

What is the relationship between war and epidemics?

Back 14

Trenches in World War 1 as a corridor

It is thought that war causes people from all over the country to live in very close quarters in disgusting conditions, such as in trenches and hospitals. Which means disease is easier to spread and will be spread back home when the soldiers return.

Front 15

What is hemagglutinin?

Back 15

Predominant coat protein on influenza A.
Primary protein recognized, attacked, and remembered by the host's immune system.
The "H" in H1N1

Front 16

What is neuraminidase?

Back 16

mushroom-shape projection on the surface of the influenza virus

The "N" in H1N1

Front 17

What does H1N1 mean?

Back 17

Hemagglutinin-1, Neuraminidase-1
The number refers to groups of hemagglutinins or neuraminidases, defined by the ability of host antibodies to recognize them.
All H1's are more closely related to each other than to any H2, or H3, or H4. Same for neuraminidases.

Front 18

What are the competing hypotheses for how the Spanish flu got started?

Back 18

Theory 1: hospital camp in Étaples, France was at the center of the 1918 flu pandemic. A significant precursor virus was harbored in birds, and mutated to pigs that were kept near the front.
Theory 2: come from China, mutated in the United States near Boston, and spread to Brest, Brittany-France, Europe's battlefields, Europe, and the world using Allied soldiers and sailors as main spreaders.
Theory 3 (Ewald's): China → WW1 Battlefields trenches → all over the world

Front 19

Why are corridors and barriers important to your health?

Back 19

barriers protect you from pathogens and getting sick, such as sanitation and flu shots.
Corridors make it easier for you to become infected, and spread disease to other people

Front 20

What species are the main carriers of the flu virus?

Back 20

Chickens, pigs, ducks, Geese, turkey, horse, dog, cat, seal, and whale

Front 21

What are antibiotics?

Back 21

Chemicals that kill bacteria by disrupting particular biochemical processes. They are powerful agents of selection for bacteria.

Front 22

How does antibiotics influence the evolution of bacteria?

Back 22

It sorts resistant bacteria from susceptible ones. If antibiotics are used excessively, then they will become rapidly ineffective against resistant bacteria. Which means more antibiotics will have to be invented to fight the resistant bacteria

Front 23

To avoid contracting food-borne bacteria, consumers should wash _______ and ________ and avoid ______ ______ and __________ meat

Back 23

fruits
vegetables
raw eggs
undercooked meat

Front 24

Consumers should use antibacterial soaps and cleaners only when they are needed to prevent _________ in patients with compromised immune systems

Back 24

infections

Front 25

Patients should not request antibiotics for _____ _____, such as colds or flu

Back 25

viral infections

Front 26

When patients do take antibiotics, patients should _____ the full course of the treatment. Patients should never _____ antibiotics for one infection and use them to treat another.

Back 26

complete
save

Front 27

To avoid spreading infections from patient to patient, doctors should _____ ______ between patients

Back 27

wash hands

Front 28

Doctors should ______ prescribe unneeded antibiotics, even when patients request them

Back 28

never

Front 29

When doctors do prescribe antibiotics, doctors should use drugs that target the _________ possible range of bacterial species

Back 29

narrowest

Front 30

Doctors should _______ patients infected with bacteria resistant to several drugs to reduce the risk that such bacteria will spread

Back 30

isolate

Front 31

What is virulence?

Back 31

Harm done by a pathogen to the host during the course of an infection

Front 32

Hypotheses for the evolution of virulence?

Back 32

1. Coincidental evolution hypothesis: tetanus in a human wound
2. Short-sighted evolution hypothesis: Polio virus invades human host rises to high frequency, but doesn't transmit to other hosts easily.
3. Trade-off hypothesis: Pathogens have higher reproductive success when they are deadly to their hosts

Front 33

What is myopia?

Back 33

Nearshightedness

Front 34

What causes breast cancer?

Back 34

Possibly pathogens (virus or bacterium), or civilization (myopia), interaction between genes and novel environments to which our ancestors were never exposed

Front 35

How might menstrual cycles influence breast cancer?

Back 35

Risk of cancer is higher the earlier she begins to menstruate.
Menstruation increases the risk of breast cancer because of the estrogen and progesterone present during the postovulatory phase of the cycle stimulates cell division in the lining of the milk ducts.

Front 36

Women who are in undeveloped countries such as the Dogon of Mali experience one-twelth the incidents of breast cancer compared to north american women. This is because?

Back 36

Continuous menstrual cycling is not normal for women, it is another maladaptive consequence of life. Hormonal treatments could reduce risk of breast cancer

Front 37

What does it mean to treat a symptom but not an adaptation (within reason)?

Back 37

Fever is an adaptive response to infection.

Human condition a symptom – then treat it
Human condition as an adaptation – then let it happen (within reason)

If the symptom is detrimental to the host than treat it, if the symptom is fighting off the virus then let it be.(adaptive)

Front 38

What are the possible adaptation of fever in other non-human animals? (iguanas)

Back 38

Dessert iguana develops a behavioral fever in response to being infected by Aeromonas hydrophila. When infected, iguanas choose to stay in hotter temperatures, to influence a fever purposely on themselves to fight the infection. Those that didn't died.

Front 39

What is the relationship between fever and chickenpox?

Back 39

fever is neither adaptive nor maladaptive as a defense against chickenpox.

Front 40

What is the relationship between fever and the common cold?

Back 40

Fever is an adaptive defense against the common cold. People who took a placebo had less symptoms and recovered faster than those who took medications.

Front 41

What is the relationship between fever and sepsis?

Back 41

Unknown, 40% mortality rate. Gravely ill patients received aggressive treatment with antibiotics

Front 42

What is the relationship between parenthood (step-parents vs biological parents), children's health and child abuse?

Back 42

Fathers interact more with their genetic offspring than their step-children. Fathers are more punishing (agonistic) towards step children than genetic off spring.\
Study done in Trinidad by Mark Flinn

Front 43

What were the results for interaction and agonistic when fathers moved in with the mother before child is born and father moves in after child is born?

Back 43

Stepfather lives with mother when step child is born: Less Interaction with step child, more punishing (agonistic) towards step child
Stepfather moves in with mother after step child is born: More interaction with step child, less punishing (agonistic) towards step child

Front 44

What is Cortisol? and what results were found using Cortisol between stepchildren and full biological children?

Back 44

Cortisol is a hormone that animals produce under stress. Cause increases in metabolic rate, alertness, and inhibiting growth and reproduction.
Stepchildren had the highest concentrations of cortisol and illness

Front 45

What is combination drug therapy, and what is it used for?

Back 45

Treating a condition with multiple medications.
Conditions treated with combination drug therapy include tuberculosis, leprosy, cancer, malaria, and HIV/AIDS. One major benefit of combination therapies is that they reduce development of drug resistance, since a pathogen or tumor is less likely to have resistance to multiple drugs simultaneously.

Front 46

What is the relationship between extant apes and humans?

Back 46

Humans evolved from apes. Humans (homo sapiens) belong to the primate taxon Catarrhini, which includes the Old World monkeys, such as baboons and macaques, and the apes.

Front 47

Do humans belong to the same clade as apes?

Back 47

Yes

Front 48

Do humans belong to the same clade as African apes? what about Asian apes?

Back 48

Yes, humans are in the same clade as African apes and are very closely related to Chimpanzees, Bonobos, and Gorillas. Humans can belong to the same clade as Asian apes, but humans are more closely related to African apes, than Orangutans

Front 49

When did humans and chimps likely diverge?

Back 49

5.4 +/- 1.1 million years ago

Front 50

When did humans, chimps, and bonobos possibly diverge from the gorilla branch?

Back 50

6.4 +/- 1.5 million years ago

Front 51

Among Chimps, Gorillas, and Humans which are more closely related to one another?

Back 51

Humans and Chimps are more related to each other than chimps and gorillas or humans and gorillas. This has been proven through molecular phylogeny data and the rejection of the trichotomous tree.

Front 52

What is the explanation for why humans have 46 chromosomes while, the apes have 48?

Back 52

After humans diverged from chimps, two chromosomes fused together and became what is no known as Chromosome #2.

Front 53

What are the greatest discoveries paleontologists have made concerning hominid ancestors (Greater than 2 million years old)?

Back 53

Sahelanthropus tchadensis (6-7mya, Djurab Desert, Chad), Ardipithecus ramidus (4.4mya, Aramis, Ethiopia), Australopithecus anamensis (3.9-4.2mya, Kanapoi, Kenya), Kenyanthropus platyops (3.5mya, Lake Turkana, Kenya), Australopithecus afarensis (3-3.9mya), Australopithecus africanus (2.4-2.8mya, Sterkfontein, South Africa), Australopithecus garhi (~2.5mya)

Front 54

What are the greatest discoveries paleontologists have made concerning hominid ancestors (Less than 2 million years old)?

Back 54

Paranthropus: robustus, boisei, aethiopicus
Homo: ergaster, habilis, rudolfensis, erectus, heiderlbergensis, neanderthalensis, sapiens

Front 55

What is the relationship between brain size and tooth size relative to the ancestry of hominids?

Back 55

Humans, and very close relatives of humans (Homo) have a large brain and small teeth.
Chimpanzees have a small brain and small teeth.

Paranthropus have a small brain and very large teeth

Australopithecus have a small brain and large teeth

Front 56

What is the african replacement model vs. the multiregional evolution model?

Back 56

African replacement model: Predicts that all modern humans will be more closely related to each other than any is to and archaic species and that, among the archaic species, those from Africa will be most closely related to modern humans

Multiregional Evolution model: The archaic and modern humans in each region (country) will be each other's closest relatives

Front 57

What has more evidence, the african replacement model or the multiregional evolution model?

Back 57

The african replacement model

Front 58

What are some of the main anatomical differences between chimps and humans?

Back 58

Humans have three thumb muscles chimps lack. Humans have thicker metacarpals (digits) with broader heads. Which makes humans more adept at precision grasping than the chimpanzee hand.

Front 59

What are the two big anatomical features that have given humans a huge advantage in dealing with their environment?

Back 59

(Using complex tools) thicker thumb with more muscles
and we walk bipedally (with two feet).

Front 60

What is the relationship between metacarpal 1 (thumb) and tool making?

Back 60

Metacarpal 1 (thumb) allows precision grasping, which in turn allows homo to make stone tools.

Front 61

Did Neanderthals have speech? What is the evidence?

Back 61

Only reliable evidence is the archaeological record. It is believed that Neanderthals could speak. This is based on the finding of a 60,000-year-old Neandertal hyoid bone from Israel. This hyoid bone was very similar to present-day humans and different from chimps. The hyoid bone is located in the larynx, it is the anchor for throat muscles used for speaking.

Front 62

Who was the Piltdown man?

Back 62

A hoax in which bone fragments were presented as the fossilised remains of a previously unknown early human. Found in 1912 at a grave site by Charles Dowson. Revealed as forgery in 1953, because it was the skull of a present-day human and the lower jaw bone of a orangutan.

Front 63

Who was the Nebraska man?

Back 63

Originally a tooth found in Nebraska in 1917. The tooth belonged neither to a man nor an ape, but to a fossil of an extinct genus of peccary called Prosthennops (boar-like animal), and its identification as an ape was retracted in the journal Science in 1927.

Front 64

Who did Louis Leakey help get started in primate research?

Back 64

Jane Goodall, Dian Fossey, and Birutė Galdikas. They studied chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans respectively.

Front 65

Who is thought to be the transitional form from Australopithecus and Homo?

Back 65

Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis

Front 66

When in the past do we think multiple species of hominins coexist on earth and in Africa?

Back 66

1mya - 2mya

Front 67

Why is the Denisova fossil significant?

Back 67

Finger bone and wisdom tooth fragment of a juvenile female who is neither present-day human or neanderthal.

Front 68

Why is he Miocene of importance to human evolution?

Back 68

Miocene Epoch (23 - 5.3 may) Various Eurasian and African Miocene primates have been advocated as possible ancestors to the early hominins, which came on the scene during the Pliocene Epoch (5.3 to 2.6 mya). Which means it could be the era in which the first existence of hominins was established.

Front 69

What is the evidence that humans evolved in African and then left Africa?

Back 69

Homo Habilis or first species to use tools was only found in Africa. Homo erectus and Homo ergaster were the first of the hominina to leave Africa, and these species spread through Africa, Asia, and Europe between 1.3 to 1.8 million years ago. It is believed that these species were the first to use fire and complex tools.

Front 70

What are some of the anatomical evidence for arboriality?

Back 70

Locomotion techniques used include leaping from tree to tree, walking on two or four limbs, knuckle-walking, and swinging between branches of trees (brachiation). Longer digits in hands and feet, also smaller opposable thumb.

Front 71

Which primate has the greatest genetic diversity when considering mitochondrial DNA sequences?

Back 71

Gorillas

Front 72

What is the apparent effect of UV light exposure on blood folate levels?

Back 72

UV light destroys folate

Front 73

Why are there different skin colors across the globe?

Back 73

Intensities of UV light, folate levels, vitamin D intake

Front 74

Antibiotic resistance causes how many deaths in the US per year?

Back 74

100,000 deaths per year

Front 75

If 1 in 100 million bacteria are resistant to drug X, and 1 in 100 million bacteria are resistant to drug Y, then 1 in _______ ________ will be resistant to both drugs in combination (Combination drug therapy)

Back 75

10,000 trillion

Front 76

Condition: Biting
Effect on host: ________
Effect on Pathogen: ________

Back 76

host: Cost
pathogen: Benefit

Front 77

Condition: Fever
Effect on host: ________
Effect on Pathogen: ________

Back 77

host; benefit
pathogen; cost

Front 78

Condition: Inflammation
Effect on host: ________
Effect on Pathogen: ________

Back 78

host; benefit
pathogen; cost

Front 79

Condition: Iron Reduction
Effect on host: ________
Effect on Pathogen: ________

Back 79

host; benefit
pathogen; cost

Front 80

Condition: Sneezing
Effect on host: ________
Effect on Pathogen: ________

Back 80

host; benefit
pathogen; benefit

Front 81

Condition: Vomiting
Effect on host: ________
Effect on Pathogen: ________

Back 81

host; benefit
pathogen; benefit

Front 82

Condition: Coughing
Effect on host: ________
Effect on Pathogen: ________

Back 82

host; benefit
pathogen; benefit

Front 83

Condition: Diarrhea
Effect on host: ________
Effect on Pathogen: ________

Back 83

host; benefit
pathogen; benefit

Front 84

Not washing hands, openly sneezing and coughing, shaking hands, biting people, unprotected sex, drinking contaminated water

Back 84

Corridors
Allow pathogens to spread and evolve greater virulence

Front 85

Washing hands, sneezing and coughing into cloth or paper, not biting others, clean needles and condoms, and clean water supply

Back 85

Barriers
Prevent pathogens from spreading and cause them to evolve lesser virulence

Front 86

1918 Origin and Spread of Spanish Flu Hypothesis 3 (Ewald's)

Back 86

China --> WW1 Battlefields trenches --> WORLD

Front 87

1918 Origin and Spread of Spanish Flu Hypothesis 2

Back 87

China --> Boston --> France --> WW1 Battlefields --> WORLD

Front 88

1918 Origin and Spread of Spanish Flu Hypothesis 1

Back 88

Camp Funston, Fort Riley, Kansas, 4 March 1918 --> Queens, New York City, 11 March 1918 --> Gone? --> Brest, France & Sierra Leone + Boston, August 1918 --> Spain + France, November 1918 --> WW 1 Battlefields, November 1918 --> WORLD

Front 89

Copernicus and heliocentricism (1500's), Galileo and astronomy (1600's), Franklin and the lightening rod (1700's), Lyell and an old earth (1800's), Darwin and evolution (1800's), Hubble and the big bang (1900's)

Back 89

Religion argues against

Front 90

American Jewish Congress, Episcopal Church, Lutheran World Federation, United Methodist Church, Presbyterian Church, United Unitarian Universalists, Roman Catholic Church, Lexington Alliance of Religions Leaders.

Back 90

Judeo-Christian Organizations in Support of Teaching Evolution

Front 91

Kitzmiller vs Dover Area School District (October 2004)
"Dover Trial"
What was this about?

Back 91

Science teachers being required to say a statement about how intelligent design could exist in class

Judge favored Kitzmiller and Science teachers and sued school district

Front 92

What is Intelligent Design Theory?

Back 92

Attempt by creationists to put creationism into science classrooms