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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Binary fision
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Single celled organism divides into two genetically identical daughter cells
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What process is universal for all organisms?
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Mitosis
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What process cuts chromosomes in half?
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Meiosis
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Which process has two cycles?
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Meiosis
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What organisms does Mitosis apply to?
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All!
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Meiosis targets which type of cells? (most often)
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Sex cells, or gametes.
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If a cell goes from 2n=>2n the process was?
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Mitosis.
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If the cell goes from 4n=>2n the process was?
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Meiosis.
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Diploid cells mean they have?
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The SAME number of chromosomes as the mother cell.
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Haploid cell mean they have?
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HALF the number of chromosomes as the mother cell.
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Haploid is connected to which process?
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Meiosis.
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Diploid is connected to which process?
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Mitosis.
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Why does Mitosis occur?
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Growth (in # of chromosomes), Development (differentiation and specialization) and Repair.
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What is the cell cycle, beginning with Mitosis?
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Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokenesis, G1, S-phase, G2, repeat.
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What happens in G1 of the cell cycle?
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regular cell activity, and protein synthesizes.
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What happens in G2 of the cell cycle?
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Duplication of all organelles.
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What happens in S-phase of the cell cycle?
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DNA duplicates and divides (chromosomes).
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How much time is spent in Mitotic phase of the cell cycle compared to interphase?
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10% mitotic, 90% inter
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What is a chromatid?
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Half of a duplicated chromosome.
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What happens in prophase?
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Nuclear membrane dissolves, Chromosones shorten and thicken, Centriole divides and moves to the pole ends of the cell.
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What happens in metaphase?
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Nuclear membrane is gone, Chromosomes line up along equitorial plate, spindle fibres are attatched to the chromosomes at the centromere.
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What happens in anaphase?
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The spindle fibres pull the chromosomes apart at the centromere, they become chromosomes.
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What happens in telophase?
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The nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes elongate and thin, cytokenesis happens (making two genetically identical cells in mitosis and two diverse cells in meoisis).
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What are the 3 causes for homologus pairs?
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1) same length/size chromosomes.
2) Same shape 3) Similar gene arrangement. |
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Which process requires homologus pairs?
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Meiosis.
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Which process does crossover occur in?
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Meiosis.
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What is a tetrad?
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A homologus pair that has found each other.
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What is the purpose of crossover?
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To give diversity.
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What happens in crossover?
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The male and female chromosomes exchange genes.
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What happens in cytokenesis?
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The two new cells split and become separate cells.
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What is Meiosis 1 sometimes referred to as?
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Reduction Division.
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What happens in between Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2?
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Interphase.
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What can Meiosis 2 be compared to?
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Mitosis.
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What is non-disjunction?
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When chromosomes don't move properly.
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When does non-disjunction usually occur?
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Meiosis 1 first.
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Which process can non-disjunction occur in?
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Both Mitosis and Meiosis.
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Hypothetically, what would need to happen for cloning to occur?
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A nucleus from unspecialized sperm mixed with enucleated egg combined with an electrical stimulus produces a blastula that can be implanted in a carrier.
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What always maintains the plody?
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Mitosis.
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What cuts the ploidy in half?
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Meiosis.
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Describe an animal lifecycle.
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zygote grows up into adult male and female (through mitosis) who produce and egg and sperm (through meiosis) which are fertalized to make a zygote.
Zygote (2n) --> Adult (2n)--> Sperm/egg (n)--> fertalization. |
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Describe a plant lifecycle.
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Zygote (2n) Mitosis--> sporophyte (2n) Meiosis--> (n) Male/female gametes (n) Mitosis--> male/female gamenathyte (n) mitosis--> sperm/egg (n)---> fertalization--> Zygote.
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