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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Uniform distribution of human habitats would likely be the result of ________, whereas habitats of other animals would be due to_________.
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HUMAN: Community planning
ANIMALS: Competition |
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Population size depends upon____.
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Deaths, Births, migration, immigration
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What are parts of the ecosystem:
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energy, decomposers, producers, consumers
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Which are some components of the abiotic (nonliving) environment:
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soil, rainfall, temperature, sunlight.
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What are some contributing factors in species extinction:
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habitat loss, over harvesting, habitat fragmentation, illegal wildlife trading.
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Conservation Biology includes…
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Survey of biological diversity,
Look at evolutionary origins of diversity, Efforts to maintain biodiversity |
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What is the cause for each species to be endangered:
Bald Eagle:_____ Golden Trout:_______ Black footed ferret:_______ Manatees:____________ |
Bald Eagle:DDT pollutant
Golden Trout: introduced species Black footed ferret:disruption of food chain Manatees: speed boats |
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From the video, what can be done to save an endangered species?
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Captivity breeding
removal of non-native species protect habitats |
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From the video species are important to us because_______.
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clean the air
provide medicines generate air for us to breathe |
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A clown fish is immune to the poision of sea anemones. It hides in the tentacles of sea anemones to aviod predators. Sea anemones gain nothing from this relationship. This is an example of what?
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Commensalism
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A transparent shrimp blends with it's environment. This is an example of what?
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camouflage
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What gas is important in the absorbtion of UV Radiation
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O3 (Ozone)
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Thermal Inversion
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Occurs when rising air is blocked from rising further and keeps pollutants in an area and thus contribute to smog.
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City famous for it's brown fog
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Los Angeles
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Acid rain causes what?
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Toxic metals to become motile in the ecosystem
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The two chemicals associated with acid deposition are___ and ____.
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nitrogen and sulfur
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Distribution of biomes are influenced by______.
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topography
soil latitude climate NOT LONGITUDE |
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A biome is characterized by what?
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Vegetation
Animals Climate |
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What are some of the reasons for rapid Human population explosion?
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Increases in carrying capacity
Expansions into new habitats Removal of limiting factors longer generation times |
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A resonable method of limiting human population growth is to_.
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Decrease the birth Rate
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Biome with the greatest diversity of life.
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Taiga
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Biome that is a treeless plain around the Arctic Circle
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Arctic Tundra
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What zone is the greatest diversity of organisms in lake ecosystems found?
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Thermocline
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The Ocean Aoze that exhibits the greatest degree of species diversity
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Neritic
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Examples of Freshwater biomes
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River
Stream Lake |
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Examples of marine biomes
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Coastal water
Open Ocean Near Shore zone |
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Max rate of increase
per individual under ideal conditions |
Biotic potential
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Group of individuals born during the same period of time
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Cohort
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S-shaped curve of a population growth
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logistic growth
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largest # of individuals sustainable by the resources in a given environment
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Carrying Capacity
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J-shaped curve of a population growth
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Exponential growth
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Essential resource that restricts population growth when scarce.
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limiting factor
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Marsh Hawk role in food chain
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fourth-level consumer
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Garter snake role in food chain
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second-level consumer
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Crow role in food chain
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Third-level consumer
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Cut worm role in food chain
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herbivore
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flowering plant role in food chain
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primary producer
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equatorial broadleaf forest
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tropical rain forest
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area where freshwater and sea water mix
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estuary
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type of grassland with trees
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savanna
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low growing plants at high latitudes or elevations
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Tundra
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Found at 30* N and 30* S Latitude
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desert
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Conifers dominate here
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boreal forests
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dry shrubland
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chaparral
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Composed of producers, consumers, decomposers, and thier abiotic environment
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Ecosystem
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All of the individuals of a single species living in a region constitute this
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Population
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A group of different species living together in a single habitat
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Community
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The basic functional unit of Ecology
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Biosphere
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Contains Biosphere, communities, and populations.
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Ecosystem
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Biome called the “basket of bread”
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Grasslands
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A number of food chains cross-connecting with one another is called a
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Food Web
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Energy stores by producers flows from herbivores then carnivores then decomposers.
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A grazing food Web
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Energy from producer flows mainly into detritivores and decomposers
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A Detrital Food Web
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The Main Reservoir of Water
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The Ocean
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Disruptive human action in the water cycle leads to
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Salinization (salt build up)
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The main reservoir for carbon
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The ocean- The carbon is dissolved as Bi-carbonate and carbonate
The atmosphere – Exists as CO2 from aerobic respiration, Volcanoes, and fossil Fuel burning |
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Disruptive human action in the carbon cycle leads to
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The greenhouse effect (Global Warming)
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The main reservoir for nitrogen
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Bacteria
Wastes Bodies of dead organisms |
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Disruptive human action in the nitrogen cycle leads to
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Nitrogen Loss
Nitrogen released into atmosphere Soil and water become more acidic Acid rain Late growth of trees leading to damage by frost |
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Greatest Reservior for Phosphorus
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Earth's Crust
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Disruptive human action in the phosphorus cycle leads to
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Eutrophication accelleration algeal blooms that use all oxygen in water from other organisms
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Earth's major life zones are also known as
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biomes
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Number of endangered species
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over 1,000
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An endangered plant
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presido manzania
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Includes pre-, post, and reproductive age categories
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reproductive base
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a measured number of indiv. in some specified area
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population density
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sampling areas of same size, and shape, such as rectangles, squares, and hexagons
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quadrats
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The # of indiv. in some specified area or volume of a habitat
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crude density
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# of indiv. in each of several to many age categories
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age structure
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vital stats of a population
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Demographics
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examples of age categories in a population
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pre-, post, and reproductive years
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capturing mobile indiv., marking them and recapturing them after some time
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Capture- release method
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systematic study of how organisms interact with each other and thier physical and chemical environment
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Ecology
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Possible distribution patterns shown by a population
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clumped, uniform, random
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The general pattern in which individuals are dispersed in a specified area
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population distribution
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number of indiv. that represent the population;s gene pool
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popultaion size
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A graph line that emerges when ecologists plot a cohort's age-specific survival in a habitat
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Survivorship curve
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Reflects high survivorship until fairly late in life, then a large increase in deaths
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Type I Curve
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A group of indiv., tracked from the time of birth until the last one dies; data gathered such as # of offspring born to indiv. of each age interval
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Cohort
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Signifies a death rate that is highest early on; typical of species that produce many small offspring and do little, if any, parenting
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Type III Curve
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For each species, a set of adaptations that influence survival, fertility, and age at first reproduction
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Life history pattern
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Reflects a fairly constant death rate at all ages; typical of organisms just as likely to die of disease at any age such as lizards, small mammals, and large birds
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Type II Curve
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May show, for example, # of indiv. reaching some specific age (x)
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survivorship schedual
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Maximum rate of increase per individual under ideal conditions
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biotic potential
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Exerts effects in proportion to # of indiv. present. Ex. Competition for resources, predation, parasitism
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Density-Dependent Control
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Increases death rate w/o respect to # of indiv. present. Ex. Lightning, Flood, snowstorms
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Density-Independent Factors
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An interaction that directly helps one species but does not affect the other much, if at all.
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Commensalism
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Disadvantages flow both ways between species
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Intraspecific Competition
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This one has some constraining factors and does shift in some large or small ways over time as indiv. respond to a mosaic of changes
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Realized niche
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Generally means "living together"; commesalism, mutualism, and parasitism are all cases
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Symbiosis
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Possess physical and chemical features, ie. temp. and an array of species; and organism's "address"
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Habitat
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An interaction that directly benefits one species, the predator.
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Predation
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The one that might oprevail in the absence of competition and other factors that can constrain how indiv. get and use resources
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Fundamental niche
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The distinct sum of an organism's activities and relationships as it goes about getting and using the resources required for survival and reproduction; the "profession" and organism has.
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niche
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An interaction that directly benefits one species, the parasite
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parasitism
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Five categories having different effects on population growth
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Indirect interactions
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Where benefits flow both ways between the interacting species
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mutualism
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Two species of Paramecium are grown in the same culture but CANNOT coexist indefinitely...Example of what?
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Competitive Exclusion
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Two species of Paramecium are grown in the same culture and CAN coexist indefinitely...example of what?
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Resource partitioning
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Bristly foxtail grasses, Indian Mallow plants, and smartweed plants coexist in the same habitat...example of what?
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Resource partitioning
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Nine species of chipmunks live in different habitats on the slopes of the sierra Nevada...Example of what?
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Interspecific Competition
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A male mockingbird chases aways all other male mocking birds from it's territory...Exampple of what?
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Intraspecific Competition
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A process that begins when pioneer species colonize a barren habitat, such as a new volcanic Island
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Primary succession
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Included in this are Lichens and mosses
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Primary succession
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A disturbed area within a community recovers
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secondary succession
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This pattern is common in abandoned fields, burned forests, and volcanic disurbances
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secondary succession
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A rapid goegraphic dispersal mechanism, as when an insect might travel on a ship's cargo hold from an island to the mainland
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Jump dispersal
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An outcome of forces that have come into an uneasy balance
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Community stability
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Resident of an estabilshed community that has moved from it's home range and successfully taken up residence elsewhere; Caulerpa, Euro Rabbits, and kudzu are ex.
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Exotic Species
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A dominant species that can shape community structure; ex. the periwinkle
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Keystone species
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Residets of estabished communities move out from thier home range and successfully take up residence elsewhere, permaneantly insinuate themselves into a new community
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Geographic dispersal
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A type of consumer that dines on animals, plants, fungi, protistans, and even bacteria.
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Omnivores
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A type of consumer that eats a living hosts tissues but usually does not kill it
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Parasites
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An array of organisms and thier physical environment, all interacting through a one-way flow of energy and a cycling of raw materials
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Ecosystem
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A type of consumer that eats flesh
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Carnivore
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Feeds on tissues of other organisms; contains several sub-categories
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Consumers
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Heterotrophs that ingest decomposing organic matter; ex. crabs and earthworms
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Detrivores
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Type of consumer that eats plants
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Herbivore
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An animal consumer that ingests dead plants, animals or both all of the time or some of the time; Ex. vultures, termites, and many beetles
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Scavengers
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Feeds on the organic products and the remains of all organisms
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Decomposers
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All of the organisms in an __________ can be classified byt hier functional role in a hierarchy of feeding relationships called _________ Levels.
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Ecosystem; Trophic
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A _________ is a straight-line sequence of steps by which energy is stored in autotroph tissues enters higher trophic levels.
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Food Chain
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It is more accurate to think of food chains cross-connecting with one another, as a ____________.
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Food Web
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In most cases, ___________ that producers intitially capture passes through no more that ___________ trophic levels.
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Energy; 4-5
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All of the heat losses from an ecosystem represent a one-way flow of __________ out of the ecosystem.
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Energy
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There are two categories of food webs. In a ___________ food web, energy flows from photoautotrophs to herbivores, then through ______________.
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Grazing; Carnivores
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IN a __________ food web, energy flows from photoautotrophs through detrtitvores and __________________.
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Detritial, Decomposers
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Biological magnification, example, and why important to identify this concept.
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When a non-degrating or slowly degrading substance becomes more concentrated in the tissues of an organism from higher trophic levels in a food web over time
Example: ? Why important to identify:? |
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All trapped energy
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Net amount
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Shows how usable energy diminishes as it flows through ecosystems over time
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Energy pyramid
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All energy stored in growing plants
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Gross primary production
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A figure arrived at by subtracting the energy used by plants and soil organisms from the gross primary production
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Net ecosystem production
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Rate at which producers get and store an amount of energy in their tissues during a specified interval.
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Primary productivity
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A method ecologists use to represent trophic structure; primary producers are the base.
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Ecological pyramid
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Functions of the Hydrologic Cycle
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Moves oxygen and hydrogen in the form of water molecules
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Functions Atmospheric cycles
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Some of the nutrients occur as atmospheric gas (Nitrogen and Carbon cycles)
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Functions of Sedimentary cycles
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Moves nutrients from land to sea floor and back to land by geological uplifting. (Phosphorus cycle)
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Why are other species important to us?
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1. We depend on them for survival, i.e. decomposing, producing oxygen, and medicines.
2. They are a part of us and our necessary ecosystem |
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How do organisms live in vent communities where no light is present?
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Openings in Earth (vents) provide heat and nutrients.
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