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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what were some of the steps involved with eukaryote evolution
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1. cell surfaces became more flexible
2. DNA became surrounded by an envolope 3. an internal cytockeleton facilitated movement 4. vacuoules arose that aided digestion |
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what arose from membrane infoldings
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nucleus and ER
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what are bacteria that live within other cells and perform specific functions for their host cells called
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endosymbiotic bacteria
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what evolved from engulfed aerobic bacteria
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mitochondria
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what evolved from engulfed photosynthetic bacteria
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chloroplasts
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chloroplast endosymbiosis occured more than once which is an example of
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seconday symbiosis
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plants all occured from what type of endosymbiosis
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primary endosymbiosis
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whats an example of seconday symbiosis
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brown algae engulfing one or more red algae which had enngulfed something to create chloroplast
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DNA of mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to that of
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bacteria
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protists are the most ____ of the four kingdoms in the domain eukarya
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diverse
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how are protists united
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they are eukaryotes that arent fungi, plants, or animals
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single-celled eukaryotic organisms have been typically grouped togehter and called ____
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protists
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Give some examples of how protists cell surfaces vary wideley
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-amoebas are surrounded only by their plasma membrane
- all other protists have plasma membrane surrounded by ECM -some ECMs may be hard like shells of silica in forminifera and diatoms -form cysts-resistant outer coverings |
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protists move mainly by (2things)
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flagellar rotation, or pseudopodial movement
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autotrophic protists that are photosynthetic are called
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phototrophs
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how do the heterotrophic phagotrophs get food
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ingest visible particles of food by pullind them into intracellular vesicles called food vacuoles
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what type of food do osmotrophs ingest
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soluble
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what are mixotrophs
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protists that are both autotrophic and heterotrophic
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how do protists reproduce
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asexually (e.g. budding/mitosis) and sexually (e.g. meiosis forms haploid cells/fertilization)
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protists are the bridge to _____ which allows multiple protists to become one and work on one task
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multicellularity
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what is similar about diplomonads and parabasalids
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they are flagellated and lack mitochondria
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diplomonads have __ nuclei
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2
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Whats an example of a diplomonad and what does it cause
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giardia, a parasite that causes diarreah
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parabasalids have _____ membranes
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undulating
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whats an example of a function of a parabasalids
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live in the gut of termites and digests cellulose
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whats another example of a parabaslid that causes something
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trichomonas vaginalis, causes vaginitis
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the ancestors of diplomonads and parabasalids are likely to be waht
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of the earlist eukaryotes
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what is a basic description of euglenozoa
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a diverse group in which some members have chloroplasts (1/3)
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describe euglenoids
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-of the first to develop mitochondria
-free-living -have anterior flagella |
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what is a pellicle
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protein strips in a helical pattern that form a flexible structure
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where is the pellicle located in euglenoids
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within the plasma membrane
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what is the best known euglenozoa
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euglena
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describe structure of euglena
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-two flagella(one long with row of hairlike projections, one shorter within reservoir)
-have contractile vacuoles that regulate osmotic pressure -have numerous chloroplasts |
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whats the second major group of euglenozoa
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kinetoplastids
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what is unique about kinetoplastids
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parasitic, two flagella, single mitochondria
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what is a trypanosome
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a disease-causing kinetoplastids
(african-sleeping sickness and something with tsetse fly) |
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what are the three members of alveolata
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dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates
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What are some common traits of alveolata members
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-flattened vesicles in a layer beneath plasma membrane (alveoli)
-reproduce asexually and sexually -unicellular with 2 flagella |
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most dinoflagellates are ________ unicells
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photosynthetic
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what are some characteristics of dinoflagellates
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- live in marine and freshwater habitats
- have external cellulose plates that encase them - DNA lacks histones - contain carotenoids -primarily reproduce asexually (asexual cell division) |
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what does an overgrowth of dinoflagellates cause
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red tide
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what are all apicomplexans
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spore-forming parasites of animals
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why are apicomplexans called what they are
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they have an apical complex, which is unique arrangement of microtubules, fibrils, vacuoles, and otehr cell organelles
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what does the apical complex enable the apicomplexan to do
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invade the host
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what is the best known apicomplexan and what does it cause
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plasmodium, malaria
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what are other types of apicomplexans
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gregarines, toxoplasma (cat litter)
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describe cilliates
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-have large number of cilia
- typically heterotrophs - have pellicle similar to euglenoids - have a micro and macro nucleus |
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what is a well-known ciliate
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paramecium
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ciliates form _____ for ingesting food and maintaining water balance
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vacuoles
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What are stramenopila
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protists with fine hairs
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what are radiolarians
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they are a member of actinopoda, they secrete glassy exoskeletons made of silica
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are foraminifera heterotrophic or autotrophic
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heterotrophic
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what is a specific characterisic of foraminifera
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pore-studded shells called tests, composed of organic materials that are reinforced with CaCO3 sand or other shit
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what are podia
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a certain type of foraminifera's cytoplasmic projections taht emerge through openings in the test
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what is a nonwalled multinucleate mass of cytoplasm taht resembles a moving mass of slime
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plasmodium
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when food is scarce what do cellular slime molds resemble
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slugs
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in cellular slime molds what affords the greatest advantage for surviving food shortages
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there ability to produce spores
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