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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
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1. With which would you disagree about parasites and their hosts?
a) Parasites can cause density dependent regulation of host populations b) Host-parasite relationships are an example of symbiosis c) Parasites generally cause direct mortality of the hosts d) You agree with two of the above e) You agree with all of the above |
c) Parasites generally cause direct mortality of the hosts
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2. An example of trophic mutualism is –
a) Ant-Acacia mutualism b) Mutualism between elbow orchids and waspsc) Mutualism between herbivores and their ruminant bacteria d) Grasshopper and hairworm mutualism e) None of the above |
c) Mutualism between herbivores and their ruminant bacteria
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3. Some mutualistic interactions involve one species completely depending on another or bothspecies depending completely on each other. In these types of mutualism, you would agree that:
a) The mutualistic relationship is diffused, often involving many species b) Mutualism does not benefit either of the involved species c) Separation of the mutualistic partners leads to the death of one or both of them d) You would agree with two of the above e) You would agree with all of the above |
c) Separation of the mutualistic partners leads to the death of one or both of them |
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4. Host adaptations to parasitic infection do not include which of the following – a) Grooming b) Gall formation c) Antigenic variation d) Sexual reproduction e) Inflammation |
c) Antigenic variation |
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5. Which of the following statements regarding transmission of parasites is NOT true –
a) Parasites generally reproduce in large numbers to ensure transmission b) An intermediate organism or “vector” is used by some parasites to transmit from one host tothe other c) Transmission generally involves only a single host species d) The malarial parasite is transmitted by mosquito vectors to humans e) Some parasites manipulate host behavior to ensure transmission |
c) Transmission generally involves only a single host species
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1. Regarding trophic cascades, with which of the following do you agree? a) Scientists have argued that the earth is green because carnivores depress the populations ofherbivores that would otherwise consume most vegetation. This would be an example of topdowncontrol b) In a study conducted by Matthew Liebold and colleagues, the abundance of zooplankton waspositively correlated with the abundance of phytoplankton across a large number of natural lakes.This pattern was consistent with bottom-up control c) A trophic cascade is an indirect interaction in which a consumer-resource interactioninfluences additional trophic levels of a community d) Two of the above are true e) All of the above are true |
e) All of the above are true |
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2. Select the INCORRECT statement regarding open communities
a. Open communities are local associations of species having independent and only partiallyoverlapping ecological distributions b. Open communities are often named for their dominant species c. There are no strict boundaries between open communities d. Open community concept tends to apply when environmental conditions changegradually along a gradient |
b. Open communities are often named for their dominant species
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3. A consumer that promotes diversity by manipulating competitive relationships at a lowertrophic level is called a ___________ predator.
a) essential b) dominant c) keystone d) effective e) natural |
keystone |
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4. Communities with high species richness tend to have
a. Less species in the food web b. Larger populations c. Higher food web complexity d. Two of the above e. All of the above |
c. Higher food web complexity |
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5. In a study of ponds and nearby terrestrial ecosystems, Tiffany Knight and colleagues showedthat the presence of fish in ponds had indirect, positive effects on the pollination of terrestrialplants. In particular, fish exerted this influence through their direct, negative effects on whichorganisms?
a. Adult dragonflies b. Larval dragonflies c. Bees d. Plants e. Butterflies |
b. Larval dragonflies |
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1. Following its 1883 explosion, Krakatoa island serves as a good example of –
a) secondary succession b) primary succession c) climax vegetation d) closed community e) none of the above |
primary succession |
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2. Please choose from the lists below the proper order of three words that best characterize thethree mechanisms of succession: facilitation, inhibition, and tolerance. The words should relateproperly to the effect of one species on the probability of a second species becoming establishedduring succession.
a. Neutral, positive, negative b. Positive, neutral, negative c. Positive, negative, neutral d. Negative, positive, neutral e. Neutral, neutral, negative |
c. Positive, negative, neutral |
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3. The first species to colonize a newly formed or disturbed habitat are commonly termed___________. While the community found at the end of the series of successional stages iscommonly termed a ____________.
a) Pioneer species; secondary community b) Primary succeeders; climax community c) Pioneer species; climax community d) Primary succeeders; secondary communitye) Facilitators; climax community |
c) Pioneer species; climax community |
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4. Which of the following are typical attributes of an early-successional species?
a) Rapid growth b) Excellent dispersal ability c) Large numbers of small seeds d) Shade intolerance e) All the above |
a) Rapid growth b) Excellent dispersal ability c) Large numbers of small seeds d) Shade intolerance |
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5. Many years ago the Wisconsin glacier receded, creating the sand dunes we now see inNorthern Indiana. The first species to colonize the dunes, such as Marram Grass, acted tostabilize the soil and allowed for invasion by other species. This is an example of which of thefollowing processes?
a. Facilitation b. Inhibition c. Mutualism d. Tolerance e. Competition |
a. Facilitation
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1. Which of the following explanations of the species-area relationship is incorrect?
a. At the smallest, local scales the number of species increases with areabecause larger areas have more habitats b. At the smallest, local scales, the number of species increases with area becauselarger areas contain a greater number of individualsc. At the largest, global scales, the number of species increases with area becauselarger areas support distinct evolutionary lineages d. Two of the above are true e. All of the above are true |
a. At the smallest, local scales the number of species increases with area because larger areas have more habitats |
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2. At the global scales, the number of species will increase with area because,
a) larger areas have more habitat types b) larger areas support distinct evolutionary lineages c) larger areas contain a greater number of individuals d) larger areas have more habitats e) larger areas have larger habitats |
b) larger areas support distinct evolutionary lineages |
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3. Identify the correct statement regarding the species richness in North America.
a. Species richness of mammals and birds decreases from east to west in North Americab. Reptile species richness decreases from north to south c. Species richness of mammals and birds decreases from north to south in North America d. Amphibians show more diversity in the western half of North America than the east e. None of the above |
e. None of the above
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4. Beta diversity, or turnover, would be at its minimum if all species occurred in all habitatswithin a region. Beta diversity would be at its maximum if each habitat had a unique biota, andregional diversity would equal:
a. The mean of the local diversities of all the habitats within the region b. The largest among the local diversities of all the habitats within the region c. The sum of the local diversities of all the habitats within the region d. The smallest among the local diversities of all the habitats within the region e. The Jaccard index |
c. The sum of the local diversities of all the habitats within the region
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5. Regarding the equilibrium theory of island biogeography, which of the following is true?a. Variation in numbers of species on islands of different distances from themainland is seen as a function of differences in colonization rates
b. Variation in numbers of species on islands of different sizes is seen as a function ofdifferences in colonization rates c. The extinction rate on an island will decrease as the colonization rate decreases d. Two of the above are true e. All of the above are true |
a. Variation in numbers of species on islands of different distances from the mainland is seen as a function of differences in colonization rates
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1. The percentage of total assimilated energy that is channeled into net production (growth andreproduction) is the organism’s net production efficiency. Which of the following would youexpect to have the highest net production efficiency?
a. Active, warm-blooded animals b. Sedentary, cold-blooded animals c. Active, cold-blooded animals d. Sedentary, warm-blooded animals e. Both active and sedentary warm-blooded animals |
b. Sedentary, cold-blooded animals
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2. Which of the following statements correctly characterizes the phosphorus cycles?
a) Phosphorus undergoes relatively few oxidation and reduction reactions b) Phosphorus can be limiting in aquatic habitats c) Phosphorus is relatively unavailable in both basic and acidic soils d) All of the above are true e) None of the above are true |
d) All of the above are true
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3. The following is a typical path by which nitrogen could flow through an ecosystem: N2 gas isassimilated into organisms through ________. Then the organic N is broken down into NH3through _______. NH3 is then oxidized to nitrite, which is oxidized to NO3- though ________.Finally, __________ reduces nitrate (NO3-) to nitric oxide (NO), which escapes as a gas.
a. Fixation, nitrification, denitrification, ammonification b. Fixation, ammonification, nitrification, denitrification c. Fixation, nitrification, ammonification, denitrification d. Denitrification, fixation, ammonification, nitrification e. Nitrification, ammonification, fixation, denitrification |
b. Fixation, ammonification, nitrification, denitrification
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4. Sulfides are commonly associated with coal deposits. When mine wastes are exposed tooxygen and water, the resultant reactions can ultimately lead to the formation of:
a. Hydrogen sulfide b. Elemental sulfur c. Organic forms of sulfur d. Carbon dioxide e. Sulfuric acid |
e. Sulfuric acid
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5. Transformations that incorporate inorganic forms of elements into the molecules oforganisms are assimilatory. A dissimilatory process results in an organic form beingtransformed to an inorganic form. Which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. Photosynthesis is an assimilatory process b. Respiration is an assimilatory process c. Nitrogen fixation is an assimilatory processd. Excretion is a dissimilatory process e. leaching is a dissimilatory process |
b. Respiration is an assimilatory process
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1. In landscape ecology, paths that connect suitable areas are called ________, while areas thatare unsuitable for a particular species to live in are termed __________.
a. Matrix; habitat patches b. Matrix; corridors c. Corridors; habitat patches d. Habitat patches; corridors e. Corridors; matrices |
e. Corridors; matrices
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2. Listed below are four consequences of habitat fragmentation. Which of these is directlyresponsible for an overall decrease in species richness in the fragments?
a. Number of habitat patches increases b. Average patch size decreases c. Patch isolation increases d. Amount of edge habitat increases e. None of the above |
b. Average patch size decreases
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3. The most complex model of spatial population that takes into account differences in quality of thehabitat patches as well as differences in matrix quality is called a:
a. Species-area model b. Metapopulation model c. Subpopulation model d. Landscape model e. Source-sink mode |
d. Landscape model
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4. A set of 10 habitat patches each 10 m2 in size would be a more viable option for preserving agroup of edge specialist species than a single, 100 m2 patch because –
a) a single habitat patch would have less area than 10 habitat patches b) the habitat of 10 patches would increase the edge space, increasing habitat for edgespecialists c) the species could travel from patch to patchd) increased space, allowing for better maintenance and monitoring by conservation biologists e) None of the above |
b) the habitat of 10 patches would increase the edge space, increasing habitat for edge specialists
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5. Small habitat patches that serve as places for dispersing animals to feed and rest as they movefrom one place to another are referred to as .
a) keystones b) corridors c) stepping stones d) edges e) fragments |
c) stepping stones
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