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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What role do microbes play in our lives? |
They decompose organic waste, generate oxygen, produce chemicals, ferment foods, produce products for disease treatment, & few are pathogenic/disease causing |
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Who established the system of naming organisms? |
Carolus Linnaeus |
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What are some guidelines for naming organisms? |
Binomial, consisting of genus then specific epithet/species, italicized or underlined, can be descriptive or honor a scientist |
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What are the types of microorganisms? |
Bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses, & multi-cellular animal parasites |
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Describe the characteristics of bacteria |
Prokaryotes ( no defined nucleus), single celled, peptidoglycan walls, divide via binary fission, can derive energy from organic or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis |
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Desrcibe characteristics of archaea |
Prokaryotes, no peptidoglycan walls, often live in extreme environments (halophiles, thermophiles, methanogens) |
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Describe the characteristics of fungi |
Eukaryotic (distinct nucleus), chitin in cell walls, absorb organic chemicals for energy, unicellular (yeast) and multi cellular (mold & mycelia/mushroom) |
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Describe the characteristics of protozoa |
Eukaryoitc, absorbor ingest organic chemicals, may be motile, can be free-moving or parasitic |
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Describe the characteristics of algae |
Eukaryotic, cellulose in cell wall, in freshwater saltwater & soil, usephotosynthesis for energy, produce oxygen/carbohydrates |
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Describe the characteristics of viruses |
No cell wall, DNA/RNA center with protein surrounding, may have lipid envelope, need host to replicate |
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Describe the characteristics of multi cellular animal parasites |
Eukaryotes, not strictly microorganisms, flatworms/roundworm aka helminths have microscopic life stages, |
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What are the three domains of cellular organization? |
Bacteria, archaea, eukarya (protists, fungi, plants, animals) |
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What did Hoke discover? |
Cell theory: All things made from cells, which are little boxes that compose life |
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What did Van Leeuwenhoek discover? |
First microbes, aka animalcules, which he viewed through magnifying lenses |
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Compare spontaneous generation vs. biogenesis |
SG: hypothesis that life arises from non-living matter Biogenesis: living cells only arise from other living cells (widely upheld) |
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Who proved biogenesis to be true & how? |
Pasteur, with his S-shaped flask experiment, proved microorganisms originate in air or fluids-living matter exists in non-living matter |
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What is fermentation & who discovered it? |
Microbial conversion of sugar to alcohol in the absence of air, Pasteur |
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What is pasteurization? |
Application of high heat for a short period of time to kill harmful bacteria in beverages, does not kill ALL bacteria |
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What did Jo Lister contribute to germ theory? |
Proved that microbes cause surgical wounds by using phenol as an antiseptic during surgery to prevent infections |
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What did Koch contribute to germ theory? |
Established experimental steps for directly linking a specific microbe to a specific disease |
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How did vaccination begin? |
Ed Jenner inoculated a person with coxpox virus, who became immune to small pox- noticed immunity in farmer's who dealt with cow's regularly who sometimes had cowpox |
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What is chemotherapy? What are antibiotics? |
Treatment of a disease with chemicals, can be synthetic or antibiotic; antibiotics are chemicals produced by bacteria/fungi that inhibit other microbes |
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What did Paul Elrich contribute to medicine? |
Developed a synthetic arsenic drug to treat syphilis, believed in "magic bullet" to cure disease |
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Who discovered antibiotics? how? |
Alex Fleming; by accident, when he noticed that a fungi inhibited bacterial growth, he investigated and found that the fungi produced penicillin, a natural antibiotic |
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What did Rebecca Lancefield discover that contributed to immunology? |
Classification of streptococci based on cell wall components |
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What is bio-remediation? |
The use of microbes to clean up pollutants (oil, waste. sewage)- can degrade or detoxify pollutants |
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What is microbial ecology? What role do bacteria play in the environment? |
Study of the relationship between microorganisms and environment; bacteria convert carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen, & sulfur into forms that can be used by plants & animals |
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What is recombinant DNA? Who discovered it? |
DNA made form two different organisms; Paul Berg by inserting animal DNA into a bacteria & witnessing the bacteria produce an animal protein |
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What is molecular biology? |
Study f how DNA directs protein synthesis |
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What is microbial genetics? |
The study of how microbes inherit traits |
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What is biotechnology? |
Using microbes for practical applications, such as producing foods and chemicals |
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What are some benefits of recombinant DNA technology? |
Gene therapy for humans, GM bacteria to protect crops, enable bacteria/fungi to produce a variety of protein, vaccines, and enzymes |
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Normal microbiota: |
Are present in and on the human body, they prevent growth of pathogens, produce growth factors (Vitamin B/K) |
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What is resistance? |
The ability of the body to ward off disease (skin, stomach acid, antimicrobial chemicals) |
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What is a biofilm? |
Microbial masses on rock, teeth, implants, pipes, medical devices; can cause infections & can be resistant to antibiotics |
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What is an EID? |
Emerging infectious diseases, new disease that is increasing in incidence, when a pathogen invades a host & overcomes the host's resistance |
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Examples of EIDs: |
MERS: Middle East respiratory syndrome, AVIAN influenza A (H5N1), MRSA: methicilln resistant staphylococcus aureus, West Nile encephallitis, Mad cow (Bovine spongiform), E coli, Ebola, AIDS/HIV, cryptosporidiosis |
