Bio 231 @ Oit - Lecture 3 Quizes

Front 1

What are the functions of connective tissue?

Back 1

Binding – tendons will secure muscle to bone, ligaments hold individual bones together (acromioclavicular ligament of the pectoral girdle) and fibrous connective tissue binds the integument to underlying structures.
Support – both bone and cartilage provide internal support to various structures.
Movement – the bone of the skeleton furnish an internal frame allowing for the attachment of various muscle groups. The organization of extensor and flexor groups associated with various joints makes gross motor movement possible.
Protection – hard connective tissue such as bone can protect delicate soft tissue from external damage (cranium, vertebrae, and ribs).
Mineral Storage – the matrix of bone functions as a storage site for calcium and phosphate ions, both important for various physiological functions.
Transportation – this is accomplished by the efforts of the circulatory system especially the blood, both RBC and blood plasma.
Energy Storage – adipose tissue contains numerous fatty acid chains which can be used in the Krebs cycle for ATP production.

Front 2

What is the function of a mast cell?

Back 2

Mast Cells located near blood vessels, release heparin and histamines.

Front 3

What type of connective tissue is involved with energy storage?

Back 3

Adipose (fat) tissue is similar to areolar tissue in structure and composition. The adipocyte or fat cell is the predominant cell type (90%) and is associated with energy storage. Adipose tissue is highly vascular, and is located within the hypodermis.

Front 4

Which protein fibers retain their original shape following distension or compression?

Back 4

Elastic fibers are composed of the protein elastin, the coiled structure of this protein allows for stretch and recoil.

Front 5

What function do protoglycans serve in connective tissue?

Back 5

The ground substance is the unstructured material which contains fibers and surrounds the cell. The ground substance is composed of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans. The proteoglycan is composed of several smaller subunits, glycosaminoglycans (GAG) bound to it. The GAG’s because of their negative charge have the ability to attract and hold water. Important GAG’s include chondrotin sulfate (cartilage) and hyaluronic acid (fibrous c.t.). The ground substance acts as a filter to regulate what can diffuse through the various types of connective tissue.

Front 6

What is the difference between dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue?

Back 6

Dense Regular Connective Tissue is composed almost entirely of collagen fibers. The collagen fibers are packaged into dense bundles running in the same direction, parallel to the direction of applied tension. Tendons and ligaments are composed of this type of tissue.
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue is also composed of collagen fibers; the fibers are in a random non-parallel orientation. The periosteum and the deep reticular layer of the dermis are common sites for this connective tissue.

Front 7

Name two anatomical locations for dense regular connective tissue.

Back 7

Dense Regular Connective Tissue is composed almost entirely of collagen fibers. The collagen fibers are packaged into dense bundles running in the same direction, parallel to the direction of applied tension. Tendons and ligaments are composed of this type of tissue.

Front 8

How does the matrix of bone differ from cartilage?

Back 8

The cell types for this type connective tissue are the chondrocytes associated with cartilage and the osteocyte with bone. The extracellular matrix will be a semi-solid for cartilage and a hard mineral matrix for bone.
Bone is represented by two different types: compact and spongy (cancellous) bone. The functional microscopic unit for compact bone is the osteon and the functional unit for spongy bone is the trabeculae. The hard mineral matrix of bone is a repository for calcium and phosphate ions, both of which are essential for several physiological processes.
Cartilage also provides support and shape to various “soft” anatomical structures. Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant type of cartilage composed of thin collagen fibers. Hyaline cartilage is associated with the nose, the costal cartilages, and the articular cartilage of long bones. Elastic cartilage is composed of elastic fibers and has the ability to recoil following deformation. The outer ear, epiglottis, and auditory tubes are all composed of elastic cartilage. Fibrocartilage is composed of thick collagen fibers and is designed to withstand the forces of compression associated with weight-bearing. The intervertebral discs, meniscus of the knee joint, and pubic symphysis are composed of fibrocartilage.

Front 9

Where can you find hyaline cartilage?

Back 9

Hyaline cartilage is associated with the nose, the costal cartilages, and the articular cartilage of long bones

Front 10

The extracellular matrix of connective tissue exists in three different states, what are these states?

Back 10

Reticular connective tissue, Dense regular connective tissue, and Dense irregular connective tissue

Front 11

How does the integument provide protection?

Back 11

Protection – a physical barrier contributing towards nonspecific immunity, and the prevention of desiccation.

Front 12

What is the function of Langerhans cells?

Back 12

They are phagocytes that ingest foreign substances and help activate our immune system.

Front 13

Where is the germinal layer of the integument?

Back 13

Stratum Basale

Front 14

What value is the protein keratin?

Back 14

Keratin gives the epidermis its protective properties

Front 15

What stimulus is required to activate a melanocyte?

Back 15

Ultra-violet radiation

Front 16

Which of the following is not a function of connective tissue?
a. Support
b. Secretion
c. Movement
d. Protection
e. Mineral storage

Back 16

b. Secretion

Front 17

The osteon is the functional unit of this connective tissue:
a. Elastic cartilage
b. Compact bone
c. Dense irregular
d. Reticular
d. White-fibro
e. Dense regular

Back 17

b. Compact bone

Front 18

Within connective tissue, this cell will release histamines in response to tissue damage.
a. Leukocyte
b. Plasma cell
c. Fibroblast
d. Macrophage
e. Mast cell

Back 18

e. Mast cell

Front 19

Ligaments and tendons are composed from this fibrous connective tissue
a. Loose
b. Dense irregular
c. Reticular
d. White-fibro
e. Dense regular

Back 19

e. Dense regular

Front 20

This protein fiber (within limits) can withstand considerable tension before tearing.
a. Elastic
b. Yellow fibrous
c. Collagen
d. Fibronectin
e. Reticular

Back 20

c. Collagen

Front 21

The semi-solid matrix that is characteristic of cartilage is made possible by:
a. The presence of protoglycans which attract water
b. An abundance of plasma cells within the extracellular matrix
c. The increase in membrane permeability of chondrocytes
d. The occurrence of the anti-coagulant heparin
e. An increase in the production of collagen fibers by the fibroblasts

Back 21

a. The presence of protoglycans which attract water.

Front 22

The parallel arrangement of collagen fibers within the extracellular matrix is characteristic of:
a. Areolar connective tissue
b. Dense regular connective tissue
c. Loose connective tissue
d. Yellow-elastic connective tissue
e. Dense irregular connective tissue

Back 22

b. Dense regular connective tissue

Front 23

Where is dense irregular connective tissue located?
a. Tracheal cartilage
b. Reticular layer of the dermis
c. Stratum corneum of the epidermis
d. Ligaments and tendons
e. Articular cartilage

Back 23

b. Reticular layer of the dermis

Front 24

Where can you find hyaline cartilage?
a. Auditory tube
b. Intervertebral disc
c. Medial meniscus
d. Costal cartilage
e. External ear

Back 24

d. Costal cartilage

Front 25

The absence of fibrous proteins is associated with this type of connective tissue
a. Mesenchyme
b. Blood
c. Loose
d. Dense
e. Bone

Back 25

b. Blood

Front 26

Which best describes the epidermis?
a. Multiple layers of non-keratinized squamous epithelial cells
b. A single layer of stratified epithelial cells
c. Alternating layers of dense regular and irregular tissue
d. Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
e. Stratum corneum

Back 26

d. Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Front 27

Which stratum (layer) of the epidermis is missing in "thin" skin?
a. Corneum
b. Basale
c. Spinosum
d. Lucideum
e. Granulosum

Back 27

d. Lucideum

Front 28

Which is the predominant cell type found within the epidermis?
a. Merkel
b. Lagerhans
c. Keratinocyte
d. Melanocyte
e. Epidermal dendritic

Back 28

c. Keratinocyte

Front 29

This protein makes the epidermis resistant to abrasion
a. Melanin
b. Collagen
c. Keratin
d. Elastin
e. Thrombin

Back 29

c. Keratin

Front 30

Exposure to ultra-violet radiation stimulates the activity of this cell
a. Merkel
b. Langerhan
c. Keratinocyte
d. Melanocyte
e. Mast

Back 30

d. Melanocyte