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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the functions of connective tissue?
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Binding – tendons will secure muscle to bone, ligaments hold individual bones together (acromioclavicular ligament of the pectoral girdle) and fibrous connective tissue binds the integument to underlying structures.
Support – both bone and cartilage provide internal support to various structures. Movement – the bone of the skeleton furnish an internal frame allowing for the attachment of various muscle groups. The organization of extensor and flexor groups associated with various joints makes gross motor movement possible. Protection – hard connective tissue such as bone can protect delicate soft tissue from external damage (cranium, vertebrae, and ribs). Mineral Storage – the matrix of bone functions as a storage site for calcium and phosphate ions, both important for various physiological functions. Transportation – this is accomplished by the efforts of the circulatory system especially the blood, both RBC and blood plasma. Energy Storage – adipose tissue contains numerous fatty acid chains which can be used in the Krebs cycle for ATP production. |
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What is the function of a mast cell?
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Mast Cells located near blood vessels, release heparin and histamines.
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What type of connective tissue is involved with energy storage?
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Adipose (fat) tissue is similar to areolar tissue in structure and composition. The adipocyte or fat cell is the predominant cell type (90%) and is associated with energy storage. Adipose tissue is highly vascular, and is located within the hypodermis.
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Which protein fibers retain their original shape following distension or compression?
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Elastic fibers are composed of the protein elastin, the coiled structure of this protein allows for stretch and recoil.
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What function do protoglycans serve in connective tissue?
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The ground substance is the unstructured material which contains fibers and surrounds the cell. The ground substance is composed of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans. The proteoglycan is composed of several smaller subunits, glycosaminoglycans (GAG) bound to it. The GAG’s because of their negative charge have the ability to attract and hold water. Important GAG’s include chondrotin sulfate (cartilage) and hyaluronic acid (fibrous c.t.). The ground substance acts as a filter to regulate what can diffuse through the various types of connective tissue.
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What is the difference between dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue?
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Dense Regular Connective Tissue is composed almost entirely of collagen fibers. The collagen fibers are packaged into dense bundles running in the same direction, parallel to the direction of applied tension. Tendons and ligaments are composed of this type of tissue.
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue is also composed of collagen fibers; the fibers are in a random non-parallel orientation. The periosteum and the deep reticular layer of the dermis are common sites for this connective tissue. |
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Name two anatomical locations for dense regular connective tissue.
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Dense Regular Connective Tissue is composed almost entirely of collagen fibers. The collagen fibers are packaged into dense bundles running in the same direction, parallel to the direction of applied tension. Tendons and ligaments are composed of this type of tissue.
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How does the matrix of bone differ from cartilage?
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The cell types for this type connective tissue are the chondrocytes associated with cartilage and the osteocyte with bone. The extracellular matrix will be a semi-solid for cartilage and a hard mineral matrix for bone.
Bone is represented by two different types: compact and spongy (cancellous) bone. The functional microscopic unit for compact bone is the osteon and the functional unit for spongy bone is the trabeculae. The hard mineral matrix of bone is a repository for calcium and phosphate ions, both of which are essential for several physiological processes. Cartilage also provides support and shape to various “soft” anatomical structures. Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant type of cartilage composed of thin collagen fibers. Hyaline cartilage is associated with the nose, the costal cartilages, and the articular cartilage of long bones. Elastic cartilage is composed of elastic fibers and has the ability to recoil following deformation. The outer ear, epiglottis, and auditory tubes are all composed of elastic cartilage. Fibrocartilage is composed of thick collagen fibers and is designed to withstand the forces of compression associated with weight-bearing. The intervertebral discs, meniscus of the knee joint, and pubic symphysis are composed of fibrocartilage. |
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Where can you find hyaline cartilage?
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Hyaline cartilage is associated with the nose, the costal cartilages, and the articular cartilage of long bones
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The extracellular matrix of connective tissue exists in three different states, what are these states?
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Reticular connective tissue, Dense regular connective tissue, and Dense irregular connective tissue
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How does the integument provide protection?
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Protection – a physical barrier contributing towards nonspecific immunity, and the prevention of desiccation.
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What is the function of Langerhans cells?
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They are phagocytes that ingest foreign substances and help activate our immune system.
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Where is the germinal layer of the integument?
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Stratum Basale
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What value is the protein keratin?
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Keratin gives the epidermis its protective properties
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What stimulus is required to activate a melanocyte?
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Ultra-violet radiation
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Which of the following is not a function of connective tissue?
a. Support b. Secretion c. Movement d. Protection e. Mineral storage |
b. Secretion
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The osteon is the functional unit of this connective tissue:
a. Elastic cartilage b. Compact bone c. Dense irregular d. Reticular d. White-fibro e. Dense regular |
b. Compact bone
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Within connective tissue, this cell will release histamines in response to tissue damage.
a. Leukocyte b. Plasma cell c. Fibroblast d. Macrophage e. Mast cell |
e. Mast cell
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Ligaments and tendons are composed from this fibrous connective tissue
a. Loose b. Dense irregular c. Reticular d. White-fibro e. Dense regular |
e. Dense regular
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This protein fiber (within limits) can withstand considerable tension before tearing.
a. Elastic b. Yellow fibrous c. Collagen d. Fibronectin e. Reticular |
c. Collagen
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The semi-solid matrix that is characteristic of cartilage is made possible by:
a. The presence of protoglycans which attract water b. An abundance of plasma cells within the extracellular matrix c. The increase in membrane permeability of chondrocytes d. The occurrence of the anti-coagulant heparin e. An increase in the production of collagen fibers by the fibroblasts |
a. The presence of protoglycans which attract water.
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The parallel arrangement of collagen fibers within the extracellular matrix is characteristic of:
a. Areolar connective tissue b. Dense regular connective tissue c. Loose connective tissue d. Yellow-elastic connective tissue e. Dense irregular connective tissue |
b. Dense regular connective tissue
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Where is dense irregular connective tissue located?
a. Tracheal cartilage b. Reticular layer of the dermis c. Stratum corneum of the epidermis d. Ligaments and tendons e. Articular cartilage |
b. Reticular layer of the dermis
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Where can you find hyaline cartilage?
a. Auditory tube b. Intervertebral disc c. Medial meniscus d. Costal cartilage e. External ear |
d. Costal cartilage
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The absence of fibrous proteins is associated with this type of connective tissue
a. Mesenchyme b. Blood c. Loose d. Dense e. Bone |
b. Blood
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Which best describes the epidermis?
a. Multiple layers of non-keratinized squamous epithelial cells b. A single layer of stratified epithelial cells c. Alternating layers of dense regular and irregular tissue d. Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium e. Stratum corneum |
d. Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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Which stratum (layer) of the epidermis is missing in "thin" skin?
a. Corneum b. Basale c. Spinosum d. Lucideum e. Granulosum |
d. Lucideum
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Which is the predominant cell type found within the epidermis?
a. Merkel b. Lagerhans c. Keratinocyte d. Melanocyte e. Epidermal dendritic |
c. Keratinocyte
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This protein makes the epidermis resistant to abrasion
a. Melanin b. Collagen c. Keratin d. Elastin e. Thrombin |
c. Keratin
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Exposure to ultra-violet radiation stimulates the activity of this cell
a. Merkel b. Langerhan c. Keratinocyte d. Melanocyte e. Mast |
d. Melanocyte
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