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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Telemeres
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protects the ends of chromosomes from degration not beconfused with telomrases
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telomrases
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enzyme that repairs end which are-suseptabel to damage this adds nucleotides back to the end.
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when telomrases are not present...
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dNA will get shorter and shorter- more susceptible to disease and mutation (cancer)
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Which is stronger bong between GC sequences or AT rich sequences?
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3h bonds of GC is stronger than 2 Hbonds of AT.
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Which is better adapted to telomeres GC or AT
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Gc has more hbonds
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Cell membrane Struc:
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lipid bi-layer w/ polar heads & non-polar tails and some integral membrane proteins.
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Nucleus struc
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nuclear envelope, nucleoskeleton and nuclear pores.
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golgi apparatus struc:
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cisternae stacked upon 1 another w/ 4 functional regions that set of dif enzymes & vesicles attach to.
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Ribsomes Struc
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nonmembranous organelle that contains RNA in a tertiary structure.
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Vesicle
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phospholipid bilayer w/ an enclosed sack of substances.
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cytoskeleton struc
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protein and contains flagella, cilia, and lamellipodia and is inside the cytoplasm.
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Lamellipodia
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actin mobile of the side of the cell
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cisternae
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a flattened membrane disk that makes up the Golgi apparatus
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Microtubles Struc
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from in the cytoskeleton are rope like polymers of tubulin with a lumen interior and polarities.
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Actin struc
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globular protein.
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Intermediate Filaments Struc
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globular proteins and inregister dimer lacking a polarity due to its antiparallel orientation.
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Endopasmic Reticulem
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a network of tubules, vesicles, and a membrane network of cisternae.
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Mitochondria struc
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membrane enclosed w/ an outer mem made of protein and phospholipids, intermemb space, inner mem w/ ATP synthase and a matrix which consists of enzymes ribosomes tRNA and mitochondrial DNA genomes.
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Chloroplasts struc
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outer mem, and intermem space, an innermem, stroma, stacks of thylakoids (w/ lumen inside) and lamella connecting the thylakoids.
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Cell Wall Struc
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plants carbohydrates (cellulose) while in bacteria they are made of peptidoglycans others are made of glycoproteins, polysaccharides and chitin.
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cytoskeleton struc
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protein and contains flagella, cilia, and lamellipodia and is inside the cytoplasm.
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Lamellipodia
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actin mobile of the side of the cell
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cisternae
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a flattened membrane disk that makes up the Golgi apparatus
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Microtubles Struc
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from in the cytoskeleton are rope like polymers of tubulin with a lumen interior and polarities.
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Actin struc
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globular protein.
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Intermediate Filaments Struc
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globular proteins and inregister dimer lacking a polarity due to its antiparallel orientation.
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Endopasmic Reticulem
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a network of tubules, vesicles, and a membrane network of cisternae.
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Mitochondria struc
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membrane enclosed w/ an outer mem made of protein and phospholipids, intermemb space, inner mem w/ ATP synthase and a matrix which consists of enzymes ribosomes tRNA and mitochondrial DNA genomes.
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Chloroplasts struc
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outer mem, and intermem space, an innermem, stroma, stacks of thylakoids (w/ lumen inside) and lamella connecting the thylakoids.
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Cell Wall Struc
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plants carbohydrates (cellulose) while in bacteria they are made of peptidoglycans others are made of glycoproteins, polysaccharides and chitin.
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Vacuole struc
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compartments enclosed w/ cater containing inorganic and organic enzyme solutions.
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Vacuole func:
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changes according to the type of cell but conbtain waste products, h2o, maintain internal turgor, pH, export uneeded substances and stores materials.
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Cell Wall Func:
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provides support and protection by pressure vessel for the cell also a filtering mechanism .
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Chloroplasts func
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capture light energy and conserve free energy in form of ATP while reducing NADP to NADPH w/ photosynthesis.
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Mitochondria
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generate most of ATP,help in signaling, cellular differentiation, cell death and the control of cell cycle and cell growth.
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Rough ER func
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synthesizes proteins
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Smooth ER func:
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synthesizes lipids and steroids and metabolizes carbohydrates, regulates calcium concentration & the addition of receptors on cell membrane proteins.
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Intermediate filaments Func
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stretched beyond their initial length to help activation of deformation mechanisms on many dif lvls.
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Actin Func:
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subunit to microfilaments & a component of the cytoskel and helps in muscle contraction, cell motility cell division & cytokinesis vesicle & organelle movement & cell signaling .
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Microtubule
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Protiens bond to it -->platform for intracellular transport also making the spindle in mitosis crucial for maintaining cell structure.
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cytoskeleton func
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intracellular transport of vesicles & organelles along w/ cellular division while serving as skeleton for the cell.
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Vesicles func
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transport or digest cellular products and waste fusing to the plasma membrane to release their package outside the cell.
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Ribsomes func
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builds amino acid molecules to proteins as coded by sequence of nucleotides in RNA molecule.
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Golgi Apparatus Func:
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process & package proteins & lipids after synthesis though phosporilation and glycosylation then give a signal sequence preparing them for secretion while signaling a certain destination.
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Nucleus func
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cell compartmentalization, gene expression and the processing of pre-mRNA.
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cell membrane func:
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separate the extracellular & intracellular while providing materials to go in and out by passive & active transport to keep a homeostatic balance & cytoskeleton for cell.
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cytoskeleton func
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intracellular transport of vesicles & organelles along w/ cellular division while serving as skeleton for the cell.
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major monomers (subunits) comprising each of the elements found in animal cells?
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protien, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids
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Vesicles func
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transport or digest cellular products and waste fusing to the plasma membrane to release their package outside the cell.
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prokaryotes have a cytoskeleton?
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yes made of proteins homologue to all structures found in eukaryotic cytoskeletons.
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Ribsomes func
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builds amino acid molecules to proteins as coded by sequence of nucleotides in RNA molecule.
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Prokaryotes an d Eukaryotes similar?
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both packed w/ organelles and contain internal compartments that are similar.
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Golgi Apparatus Func:
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process & package proteins & lipids after synthesis though phosporilation and glycosylation then give a signal sequence preparing them for secretion while signaling a certain destination.
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Prkaryotes and Eukaryotes unlke?
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eukaryotes DNA Linear, contain mitochondria and chloroplasts
prokaryotes:DNA circular, do not have chloro or mito |
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Nucleus func
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cell compartmentalization, gene expression and the processing of pre-mRNA.
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cell membrane func:
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separate the extracellular & intracellular while providing materials to go in and out by passive & active transport to keep a homeostatic balance & cytoskeleton for cell.
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major monomers (subunits) comprising each of the elements found in animal cells?
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protien, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids
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prokaryotes have a cytoskeleton?
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yes made of proteins homologue to all structures found in eukaryotic cytoskeletons.
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Prokaryotes an d Eukaryotes similar?
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both packed w/ organelles and contain internal compartments that are similar.
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Prkaryotes and Eukaryotes unlke?
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eukaryotes DNA Linear, contain mitochondria and chloroplasts
prokaryotes:DNA circular, do not have chloro or mito |
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theory that chloroplasts and mitochondria were once prokaryotic organisms?
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both have their own sets of DNA
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What is the advantage of ingesting a prokaryote
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aerobic respiration to extract energy from organic compounds thus it can have more ATP than close cells to gain an advantage.
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endosymbiotic
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means that an organsism lines within the body of another working together
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organelle
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a subunt of a cell usually enclosed by lipid membrane some are made of proteins.
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True or False: On Days 7-9, there are no cancerous cells found in tissue deeper than 600um from the surface of the liver.
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true
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True or False:On Day 9, the majority of cells were included in micromateses ranged in size from 20um to 380um
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TRUE
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a conclusion from the experiments discussed in the paper
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Cancerous cells prefer to grow on the surface of liver tissue compared to deeper tissue
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At what time periods was GFP fluorescence quanitified in the cells observed?
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3 days and 24 days
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What is the general trend observed for in vito (outside the body) GFP quantification in the cells
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GFP fluorescence stayed the same over time
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What intracellular compartment is GFP expressed (i.e., located) in the cancerous cells discussed
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cytoplasm
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True or False:Overall, after 11 days of growth the majority of cells did not grow into micrometases and remained as single cells.
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false
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True or False:On Day 2, 90% of the cells observed were single cancerous cells NOT micrometases (groups of cancerous cells).
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true
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Why is there an increase in GFP florescence when comparing Figure 3A to Figure 3D
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The original cancerous cells have grown into larger groups of cancerous cells (micrometases)
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benefits of using GFP as a cellular marker compared to other options discussed?
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GFP is stable in the cell for many days, GFP is not lost after cell divisions. GFP is uniform throughout the cell cytoplasm.
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“uncouples transcription and translation” refer to in terms of the eukaryotic nucleus
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A nuclear membrane prevents transcription and translation from occurring in the same region
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function of the nucleolus
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helps organize the synthesis of ribosomes.
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DNA sequence analysis indicates that eukaryotic cells are more closely related to Eubacteria (or bacteria proper) rather than Archaea T/F
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F eukaryotic cells are closer related to ARchaea
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Archaeal genes products (i.e., proteins) tend to help organize which type of activities
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DNA/RNA processes
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What evi exist that supports that eukaryotes may have emored before or at the same time as archaea and Bacteria?
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the presence of membrane compartment in planctomycetes
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It is possible that the characteristic of a nuclear membrane was evolutionarily "lost" from most bacteria
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true
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At this point in time, scientists cannot definitively say how the nuclei originated T/F
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T
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theory concerning the origin of the nucleus is most similar to the endosymbiotic theory of mitochondria and chloroplasts?
A) The persistence of a virus in a cell |
the merge of archaea and bacteria
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What does the term "LUCA" refer to
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The Last Universal Common Ancestor
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Why do telomeres suggest the viral theory of nuclear origin
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Viral DNA is linear
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Nucleotide
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molecule funct as struc components of RNA and DNA chemical energy and cellular signaling or cofactors for enzymes
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DNA backbone
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this consists of 2-deoxyribose w/ alternating phosphate
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antiparallel
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DNA template 3'5' RNA then is 5' 3'
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composition of 5' and 3' ends
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5' has terminal phosphate group and 3' ends with terminal hydroxyl group, asymmetric
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complientary base pairs
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held together by hydrogen bonds 3 in GC and 2 in AT or AU
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Chromatin
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combo of DNA and proteins in nuc, main func package DNA in smaller vol to fit in the cell, protects
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chromosome
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single coiled piece of organized DNA that contains genes, proteins, nucleotide sequences and regulatory elements.
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histone
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protein found in nuc of eu cells arrange DNA into nucleosomes, makes chromatin and gene regulation
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nucleosome
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repeated chromatins which DNA is wraped around histone protein cores and serve as unit of DNA packaging
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supercoiling
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this rep of the strain on the poylmer by over or underwinding of the dna this is import in compacting DNA and working w/ enzymes
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nucleiod
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houses DNA and other nuc materials in prokaryotes w/o a nuc mem
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4 dna nuc
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adenin and guanin- purines
cytosine and thiamine- pyrimidines |
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components of deozyribonucleotides?
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deoyribose sugar, a nitrogen base, and phosphate groups.
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deoxyribonucleotides differ from ribonucleotides?
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ribonu are comprised of purine or pryimidine a ribose sugar and one to 3 phos groups,
deoxy deozy sugar, nitro base and phosphate grous |
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grooves in double helix?
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major groove-
minor groove-allows the edes of bases easier accessin in major groove so prots can bind easier |
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chromatin differ between interphase and mitosis?
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interphase- loose allows RNA and DNA polymerases room to transcribe and replicate DNA
mitosis- chrom packages tightly to aid sep of chromo |
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heterocrhomatin and euchromatin
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heterochromatin- condensed for DNA in chromosomes
euchromatin- unzipped and thus after to be transcribed by mRNA |
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histone methylation
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amino acids in hist protien allows transcription factors and other prots to access the dna or by restricting access to the dna
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melting temp
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leads to strand separation by breaking the hydrogen bonds.
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article 1
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GFP in cytoplasm, tapers off in 1 days, metases patterns and how they spread, proof of concept, why gfp is etter than existing tech
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CHO-K1-GFP
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chinese hamster ovary cell
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angiogenisis
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physiological process involving the growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessel
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fixed tissue
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fixation formaldehyde- chemical method for proteins to get cross sections
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phosphodiester bond
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alternating phosphate sugar backbone bonds that keep back bone togehter
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methotrexain
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plasmid cho is sensitive to it, w/ gfp it is transformed 1 w/o mtx resistance marker they divide, therefore the cells become linked
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sinusoid
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cappilary found in liver
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extravasation
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outside the bld vessel which cells get out
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if block psuedopodia formation
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extravasation would be affexted
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genome
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all chrom in an org in DNA and in Chromo in the nuc
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distrib of human proteins
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23,000 protein coding genes, 1.5% of genome
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personalize medica
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new genomics- discusses values and dredilection why ppl are sensitive to certain drugs/ genetic diseases
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syntrophy
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one species is using a product the other species makes networks
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relationship between bac and archea
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archaea make methan and bac requires the fermentation of h
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planctomycetes
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aquatic bacteria
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How do some scientists propose the development of nuclear pores?
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Through folds of a single membrane
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