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34 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

Technology in molecular biology used to amplify a copy of DNA producing millions of copies


-In vitro DNA amplification protocol

Primers

Short DNA fragments containing sequences complementary to the target region in PCR

Taq DNA Polymerase

Is a thermostable DNA polymerase (heat resistant enzyme) isolated from hot spring bacterium Thermus Aquaticus and used in PCR

Papillae

"Ridges and valleys" structures on the upper surface of the tongue that give the tongue its characteristic rough texture. Types: filiform, fungiform, foliage,and circumvallate.


All types have taste buds except filiform.

Taste buds

Structures located around the papillae which have taste receptors. Each taste bud contains a number of taste cells which have tips that protrude into the taste bud.

Neurotransmitter

Chemical released by a neuron that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse. ATP for taste reception.

G protein couple receptors

7 transmembrane domain receptors that when bound to a ligand get activated and causes a conformational change. Exchanges it's bound GDP for GTP. The Alfa subunit with the bound GTP dissociate from beta and b and y for further intracellular signaling

Giemsa Staining

Used in cytogenetics. Is its specific for the phosphate groups of DNA and attaches itself for regions of DNA with high amounts of adenosine thymine bonding. Used to stain chromosomes and create a karyogram

Agarose

Extracted from algae. Linear polysaccharide made up of the repeating unit of agarobiose, which is a disaccharide made of 3,6-anhydro-L-galactopyranose. Gel is made by dissolving agarose powder with running buffer

Electrophoresis

Method to separate linear DNA by size. Negatively charge DNA migrate through he electric field created by the gel matrix. Can be visualized under UV light after staining with EtBr

Ethidium bromide

Inter slating agent used as fluorescent tag in molecular bio labs for techniques such as gel electrophoresis. Mutagen that can cause frameshift mutations, lead to truncated protein production. May damage of tumor repressor genes

Transcription

Process by which RNA polymerase utilizes one DNA strand as a template forguiding the synthesis of a complementary RNA molecule

Homozygous

Identical alleles of a gene are present on both homologous chromosomes

Heterozygous

A diploid organism is heterozygous at a gene locus when it's cells contain two different alleles

SNP

Variation of a single nucleotide which may occur at some specific position in the genome. Greater than 1%

Divergent evolution

Result of diffusion of he same species to different and isolated environments which blocks the gene flow snobs the distinct populations allowing differentiation

Convergent evolution

Independent evolutions of similar features in species of different lineages. Example: loss of function phenotype in PTC receptors among primates

NCBI

National Center for Biotechnology Information. Provides access to biomedical and genomic information, and gene analysis tool such as BLAST

BLAST

Basic Local Aligment Search Tool. Provides databases for searching DNA sequence from different organisms. Provides tools to compare different sequences by alignment

Which components are required in the PCR reaction?

Back (Definition)

Program Cycles set for Taq polymerase in the thermocycler?

Back (Definition)

Which types of molecules can receive five types of tastes on your tongue respectively

Back (Definition)

Translation

Process by which the base sequence of an mRNA molecule guides the sequence of amino acids incorporated into a polypeptide chain, occurs on ribosomes.

Components of DNA dye and their roles

Back (Definition)

ExoSAP-IT


PCR cleanup and DNA purification. When PCR amplification is complete, any unconsumed dNTPs and primers remaining in the PCR product would interfere with DNA sequencing or SNP analysis. Removes contaminants.

Exonuclease I: degrade primers

From E. coli.


Hydrolyses single stranded DNA in the 3' to 5' direction, releasing 5'mononucleotides and leaving 5'-dinucleotides intact. Hydrolysis cannot proceed if 3' is phosphorylated. This property degrade all ssDNA that would otherwise interfere with the sequencing.

Shrimp Alkaline Phosphatase

Degrade unincorporated dNTPs to inorganic phosphate and nucleosides

ddNTP

Dideoxynucleotides


Chain elongating inhibitors of DNA Polymerase used in Sanger method. Do not have a 3' hydroxyl group, hence no further elongation can occur once the ddNTP is added

Which components are required in the PCR reaction?

Program Cycles set for Taq polymerase in the thermocycler?

Which types of molecules can receive five types of tastes on your tongue respectively

Components of DNA dye and their roles

Chromas Lite

Provides nucleotide signal intensity information, which can differentiate two signal in one position

Signal transduction pathway for PTC gprotein

Back (Definition)