Bio 224 Test One

Front 1

How are names written in Latin?

Back 1

-ALWAYS underlined or italicized
-Genus = 1st word and is capitalized noun
-Species = all letters lowercase, adjective

Front 2

Typological Species concept

Back 2

(Aristotle)

physical attributes
OR
where a species was found first

Front 3

Biological species concept

Back 3

(Dobzhansky and Mayr)

based on reproduction

Front 4

Phylogenetic species concept

Back 4

by DNA

Front 5

Taxononomy

Back 5

study of principles of classification, systematic ordering and naming of organisms

Front 6

Genus name is shared among ________________ related species

Back 6

closely

Front 7

specific epithet DOES NOT indicate relatedness. True or False?

Back 7

TRUE

Front 8

Authority is...

Back 8

person who gave that name is listed after the scientific name

Front 9

Linneaus devised a system with _______ taxonomic levels.

How many now?

Back 9

7

8

Front 10

Domain

Back 10

most inclusive taxon. there are 3
1. Eukarya
2. Bacteria
3. Archea

Front 11

systematics

Back 11

field of bio that classifies organisms based on EVOLUTIONARY relationships

Front 12

monophyletic

Back 12

one common ancestor

Front 13

paraphyletic

Back 13

has one common ancestor AS WELL as a certain species that isn't in that group anymore

Front 14

phylogenetic systematics

Back 14

uses derived traits to produce phylogenies

Front 15

homology vs analogy

Back 15

homology is same trait from same ancestor.

analogy is same trait without relatedness.

Front 16

phylogenetic trees should be viewed as:

Back 16

hypotheses

Front 17

how may levels of organization?

Back 17

1-protoplasmic
2- cellular grade
3- cell-tissue grade
4- tissue-organ grade
5-organ-system grade

Front 18

protoplasmic grade

Back 18

all fx's are done in ONE cell

unicellular

Front 19

cellular grade

Back 19

multicellular...NO TISSUES

ex) porifera

Front 20

cell-tissue grade

Back 20

body is made up of tissues

ex) cnidaria (jellyfish, hydra..)

Front 21

tissue-organ grade

Back 21

have organs with MORE THAN ONE type of tissue working towards common fx

ex) platyhelmintes (flatworms)

Front 22

organ-system grade

Back 22

organs arranged so that MULTIPLE organs work together to perform a fx

ex) digestive tract

Front 23

extracellular structured components

Back 23

materials produced by cells and are secreted into interstitial space (fluid filled area btwn cells)

Front 24

spherical symmetry

Back 24

ANY plane passing through produces 2 identical halves

Front 25

radial symmetry

Back 25

2 or more planes passing through the main axis create equal halves

Front 26

bilateral symmetry

Back 26

only ONE plane along the main axis creates 2 identical halves

ex) lady bug

Front 27

cephalization

Back 27

when specialization becomes localized in the head

Front 28

protostome

Back 28

blastopore becomes the MOUTH

Front 29

deuterostome

Back 29

blastopore becomes the ANUS

Front 30

ecdysozoan vs lophotrochozoa

Back 30

ecdysozoan does MOLTING

Front 31

acoelomate body plan

Back 31

NO body cavity

Front 32

pseudocoelomate body plan

Back 32

body cavity btwn endoderm and mesoderm

Front 33

eucoelmoate body pan

Back 33

body cavity COMPLETELY SURROUNDED by mesoderm

Front 34

segmentation

Back 34

body composed of repeated units called metamenes or somites

Front 35

incomplete vs complete digestive tract

Back 35

incomplete: ONE opening

complete: TWO openings

Front 36

Cope's Law

Back 36

general tendency for body size to increase over time

Front 37

egestion vs excretion:

Back 37

excretion: ALL nitrogenous wastes

egestion: JUST FECES

Front 38

hydrostatic skeleton

Back 38

fluid filled chamber

Front 39

exoskeleton

Back 39

support structures COVER soft tissue

Front 40

endoskeleton

Back 40

support structures INSIDE soft issue

Front 41

kingdom animalia

Back 41

multicellular
heterotrophic
eukaryotic-well defined nucleus, single strand DNA

Front 42

colonial flagellate hypothesis

Back 42

chanoflagellates are closest related to animals

*chanoflagellates are out group

Front 43

phylum porifera

Back 43

-sponge
-sessile
-5000 marine species, 150 freshwater
-INTRAcellular digestion

Front 44

choanocytes

Back 44

fliter food

Front 45

pinacocytes

Back 45

cover outside

Front 46

porocytes

Back 46

tubes for h2o to enter through

Front 47

sclerocytes

Back 47

form spicules

Front 48

archaeocytes

Back 48

distribute nutrients

Front 49

mesohyl

Back 49

gelatenous material

Front 50

ostium

Back 50

opening on the side for h2o

Front 51

spongocoel

Back 51

large chamber in the middle of the sponge

Front 52

osculum

Back 52

opening for outflow of h2o

Front 53

3 basic body plans for porifera:

Back 53

1- asconoid
2- syconoid
3- leuconoid

Front 54

asconoid body plan

Back 54

choanocytes line SPONGOCOEL

Front 55

syconcoid body plan

Back 55

choanocytes line RADIAL CANALS

Front 56

leuconoid body plan

Back 56

choanocytes are SCATTERED AROUND

Front 57

reproduction of porifera

Back 57

asexual- budding, fragmentation, gemnules

sexual- monecious ( have BOTH egg and sperm)

Front 58

porifera differentiated from....

Back 58

flagellated protistans

Front 59

phylum placozoa

Back 59

plate animals

Front 60

phylum cnidaria

Back 60

-jellyfish, sea anenomes
-9000 species, aquatic
-tissue: diploblastic
-radial symmetry
-nerve net- no cephalization

Front 61

cnidocytes

Back 61

injects neurotoxin into prey

contains nematocyst

Front 62

how they eat

Back 62

extracellular digestion- specialized cells secrete digestive enzymes that break apart prey organism

COMPLETE digestive tract

Front 63

polymorphism

Back 63

during lifetime, individuals have different body shapes

ex) cnidaria
1-polyp
2-medusa

Front 64

polyp

Back 64

SESSILE body plan

Front 65

medusa

Back 65

MOBILE body plan

Front 66

how do cnidaria reproduce?

Back 66

asexual- budding, fragmentation, pedal laceration, gonangium

sexual- MEDUSA produce egg and sperm
zygote settles and form polyp

Front 67

class hydrozoa

Back 67

-hydra
-freshwater
-POLYP dominates lifecycle

Front 68

calss scyphozoa

Back 68

-jellyfish
-MEDUSA form dominates lifecycle

Front 69

class anthazoa

Back 69

-corals, sea anemones
-NO MEDUA form

Front 70

stony corals

Back 70

polyps are embedded in calcium carbonate

Front 71

zooxanthelle

Back 71

-symbiotic dinoflagellates
-LIVE IN STONY CORALS

Front 72

coral bleaching

Back 72

pigments of zooxanthelle are lost so they appear white

Front 73

phylum ctenophora

Back 73

-comb jellies
-less then 100 species
-biradial symmetry
-COMPLETE digestive tract

Front 74

Cnidarians and cterophorans are sister taxa, true or false?

Back 74

FALSE

Front 75

phylum playthelminthes

Back 75

-lophptrochozoan protostomes
-triploblastic
-most are parasitic
-INCOMPLETE digestive tract
-monoecious
-dorsoventrally flat bodies

Front 76

adaptations playthelminthes have for parasitism

Back 76

- reduced digestive system
-tough outer covering
-monoecious (LARGE gonads)
-regenerative powers
-excretory system

Front 77

class turbellaria

Back 77

-free living
-dorso ventrally flat
-cephalization
-movement: bilateral symmetry (cilia)

Front 78

class cestoda

Back 78

-TAPEWORMS
-endoparasites (live IN host tissue)
-no digestive tract

Front 79

class trematoda

Back 79

-parasitic flukes
-digestive tract present
-anterior suckers

Front 80

schistosoma

Back 80

-blood fluke
-causes swimmers itch

Front 81

phylum nemertea

Back 81

-ribbon worms
-1000 marine species
-dioecious
-COMPLETE digestive system
-simple circulatory system

Front 82

phylum mollusca

Back 82

-lophotrochozoan protostome
-90,000 species
-adaptive radiation
-open circulatory system
-BILATERAL symmetry
-WELL DEVELOPED digestive system

Front 83

trochophore larvae

Back 83

-indicate relatedness with many other protostome phyla

Front 84

class caudofoveata

Back 84

-VERY ANCESTRAL
-worm like burrowers

Front 85

class solengastres

Back 85

-worm-like bottom dwellers
* NO RADULA (snail tongue)

Front 86

class monoplacophora

Back 86

-covered by a single plate

Front 87

class polyplacophora

Back 87

-chitons
- covered by MULTIPLE plates

Front 88

class scaphopoda

Back 88

-tusk shells
-buries head in sand

Front 89

class gastropoda

Back 89

-snails and slugs
*MOST DIVERSE GROUP
-aquatic gastropods HAVE GILLS

Front 90

cone snails

Back 90

-radula modified into poisonous spear to subdue prey

Front 91

class bivalivia

Back 91

-clams, mussels, oysters
-NO radula
-dioecious

Front 92

class cephalopoda

Back 92

-squid, octopuses, cuttlefishes
-good vision
-WELL DEVELOPED nervous system
-CLOSED circulatory system

Front 93

reproduction and communication of cephalopods

Back 93

-dioecious

-communicate by movement of arms and color change

Front 94

hectocotylus

Back 94

tentacle for reproduction

Front 95

mollusca branched off from _________ lineage

Back 95

annelid