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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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homeostatsis
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maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment (ECF) body temp, BP, arterial PO2, arterial PCOs, pH, blood glucose and plasma osmolarity
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negative feedback system
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receptor-receives the stimulus
control center-processes/integrates the signal and sends instructions effector-carries out instructions |
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positive feedback system
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response of effector reinforces the stimulus
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ECF
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outside cells
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ICF
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inside cells
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ISF
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outside of blood, surrounds most cells, does not include plasma
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blood plasma
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non-cellular, fluid portion of blood
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ionic bonds
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form between atoms by the transfer of electrons
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covalent bonds
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formed by the sharing of two or more electrons
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nonpolar bond
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equal sharing of electrons
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polar bond
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unequal sharing of electrons
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hydrogen bonds
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weak forces between atoms of adjacent water molecules - essential for water development which water is crucial for our bodies
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oxidation-reduction reaction
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electron transfer reactions oxidation is loss reduction is gain
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phosphorylation
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adding a phosphate group to ADP forming energy phosphate bond creating ATP
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dephosphorylation
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remove phosphate group A -P --> ATP
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glycolysis
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occurs in cytosol - each glucose molecule broken down to 2 pyruvate acid molecules. glucose oxidized into pyruvate energy transferred --> 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH and 2 ATP
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catabolism
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decomposition reaction
AB → A + B |
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anabolism
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synthesis reaction
A + B → AB |
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metabolism
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all chemical reactions under way in cells that tissues at any give time
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Kreb's cycles
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acetyl CoA is oxidized to CO2 redox reactions occurring in mitochondrial matrix energy capture mostly in reduced coenzymes
6NADH, 2 FADH₂, 2 ATP, 4 CO₂ |
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Electron transport chain
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occurring in inner membrane of mitochondria. NADH and FADH₂ carry stored energy to ETC
NADH and FADH donate high energy electrons to ETC electrons move downhill making ATP by oxidative phosphorylation O₂ final electron acceptor, 34 ATP |
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energy metabolism
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oxidation of glucose C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6C₂ → CO₂ + H₂O
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carbohydrates
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contain C, H, O
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monosaccharides
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simple sugars
1 unit ribose, glucose |
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disaccharides
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2 monos joined
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polysaccharides
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3 or more mono's joined
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lipids
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important for energy reserves
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triglycerides
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fatty acids + glycerol
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amino acids
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building blocks of protein
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polypeptide
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proteins via dehydration synthesis long chain of covalently bonded amino acids
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peptide bone
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links amino acid
primary structure - linear secondary structure - bonds formed between NH & CO groups of different amino acids - form alpha helix or pleated sheet |
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tertiary structure
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3-d folding, it bonds ionic bond, r group interactions and disulfide bond covalent bond between the groups of different amino acids
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quaternary structure
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interaction among 2 or more protein subunits ex. hemoglobin
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transcription
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copies instructions from DNA to mRNA in nucleus mRNA carries genetic information from DNA in nucleus to the ribosomes in cytoplasm
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RNA polymerase
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finds a gene by locating the promoter and stop code → DNA between start and stop code - template for protein
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codon
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triplet in template strand - mRNA strand
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translation
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ribosome reads code from mRNA in cytoplasm assembles amino acids into polypeptide chain
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tRNA
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bound to amino acids; base pair with codons or mRNA at the ribosome to begine process of protein synthesis
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anticodon
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3 nucleotides bind with mRNA codon
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ribosome
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assemble polypeptides in protein synthesis
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