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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
History of Evolution: Aristotle |
400 BC; named the Father of Biology; developed a ranked classification: the “scale of nature,” from the least perfect (fish) to the most perfect (humans) |
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History of Evolution: Linnaeus |
1700s; Father of Taxonomy; developed Linnaean classification and binomial nomenclature that classified animals into taxa |
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History of Evolution: Lamarck |
French naturalist; Early proponent of the idea that evolution occurred in accordance to natural laws; Organisms change to match their environment- Adaptations |
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History of Evolution: Cuvier |
French geologist who noticed the fossils were different in different layers of rock; found that fossils in top layers were more closely related and fossils in bottom layers were less closely related. |
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History of Evolution: Lyell |
British geologist who studied rock formation; noticed that sediment washed down a river would sink to bottom and form rocks; concluded that the earth cannot make rocks in 10,000 years; disproved theory that Earth was 10,000 years old. |
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History of Evolution: Darwin |
1800s; traveled the world by ship taking meticulous notes; studied finches on Galapagos Islands; in 1859, published "On the Origin of Species." |
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History of Evolution: Wallace |
Followed Darwin's footsteps: also traveled around the world by ship; sent Darwin his draft on the theory of evolution; Darwin presented his paper to the assembly first, getting the credit. |
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History of Evolution: Mendel |
Population genetics; pea plants. |
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"On the Origin of Species"- 1859, by Charles Darwin Name two simple ideas. |
1. Present life forms are related to past life forms. 2. Natural Selection |
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Define natural selection. |
- the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype; it is a key mechanism of evolution. - works on genetically based variation. |
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Define artificial selection. Give example |
Intentional reproduction of individuals in a population that have desirable traits Ex. Manually selecting against brown-eyed fruit flies in lab |
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Define selection pressure. |
changes with a particular environment |
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Define evolution. |
the best explination for how things change through time |
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Name the 4 pieces of evidence for evolution |
1. Fossils 2. Biogeography 3. Comparative anatomy 4. Comparative biochemistry |
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Fossils: name the conditions necessary for preservation |
Frozen Buried quickly Anaerobic conditions |
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Easier to fossilize: on land or in ocean? |
Ocean |
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Define biogeography. |
- where things are found; how did they get there; when did they separate; - the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space through (geological) time |
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Comparative Anatomy: Define homology. Give example |
Came from the same evolutionary structure Human hand and cat paw |
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Comparative Anatomy: Define analogy. |
the various structures in different species having the same appearance, structure, or function, |
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At which level of taxonomy does evolution occur? |
Evolution in natural selection can only occur in populations. |
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Define population. |
A group of individuals within the same species that have access to one another for interbreeding. |
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Define epigenetics. |
- The study of changes in organisms caused by modification in gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself. - adaptations learned by parents can be passed onto offspring. |
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Define allele. |
Variations of a gene. |
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Define gene. |
A section of DNA that codes for a trait. |
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Name the 5 Hardy-Weinberg conditions. |
1. No selection 2. No mutations 3. No migration 4. Random mating 5. Large population size |
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Hardy-Weinberg variables |
p = dominant allele frequency q = recessive allele frequency p^2 = homozygous dominant (AA) genotype frequency 2pq = heterozygous (Aa) genotype frequency q^2 = homozygous recessive (aa) genotype frequency |
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Causes of population change: Define genetic drift. |
The loss of alleles or change in allele frequency in a population caused by random events |
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Causes of population change: Define bottleneck effect. |
The loss of alleles or change in allele frequency in a population caused by an event that reduces the population to a small number of individuals that do not accurately represent the the genetic variation of the initial population. |
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Causes of population change: Define founder effect. |
Occurs when a new population is started by a small number of individuals who do not represent the genetic variation of a larger population. |
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Causes of population change: Define gene flow. |
The transfer of allele from one population to another; migration. |
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Causes of population change: Define inbreeding. |
aka. Non-random mating. The breeding of closely related individuals, especially over several generations. If dominants only mated with dominants and recessives only mated with recessives, the populations' genetics would be skewed. |
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Causes of population change: Selection |
Selection is the only factor that is likely to lead to adaptations. It is the result of environmental factors, such as predation or loss of food source. |
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Define species. |
A group of animals that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. A group of actually or potentially inbreeding natural populations; reproductively isolated from others. |
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Define prezygotic barriers. |
barriers that prevent an egg from ever uniting with a sperm. |
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6 types of prezygotic barriers and an example of each. |
1. Geological separation (Allopatric separation)- different locations 2. Ecological separation- different habitats 3. Behavioral separation- different mating calls 4. Temporal separation- different mating seasons 5. Mechanical separation- genitalia physically don't fit 6. Gametic separation- egg and sperm don't stick |
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Define postzygotic barriers. |
Barriers that allow an egg and a sperm to unite, but leave the offspring either infertile or inviable. |
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Define hybrid sterility. |
Cross-breed animals that are infertile; cannot produce offspring. |
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Define hybride inviability. |
Cross-breed animals that are weak and do not live as vigorously. |
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Define speciation. |
Two reproductively isolated populations of the same species can no longer mate together successfully. |
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Allele variation in a population leads to... |
1. Differences in species
2. If significant enough, makes two species unwilling or impossible to interbreed. |
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Define allopatric separation. Name 2 types. |
Physical separation of a population from other populations. 1. Isolation- islands 2. Continental drift- Pangaea split into Laurasia (north) and Gondwana (south) continents |
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Define sympatric separation. Name 2 types. |
An initially interbreeding population that splits into two or more species that no longer interbreed, but still occupy the same physical area. 1. Reproductive isolation- polyploidy 2. Specialization |
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Define specialization. |
The mating preferences of a species. |
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Patterns of evolution: Divergent |
Two similar species evolve into two very different species |
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Patterns of evolution: Convergent |
Two very different species separately evolve into two very similar species. ex. environment selected for fish with darker dorsal sides and lighter ventral sides, so fish with lighter dorsal sides developed darker dorsal sides and fish with darker ventral sides developed lighter ventral sides. |
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Patterns of evolution: Parallel |
Two very similar species succomb to the same environmental pressure and evolve similarly |
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Patterns of evolution: Coevolution |
Two interacting species evolve together, because of one another. ex. Predetor/prey, parasite/host |
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Tempo of speciation: Gradualism |
The slow, progressive change in a population that diverges into two species. |
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Tempo of speciation: Punctuation |
Periods of no change followed by periods of rapid change. |
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Are evolutionary trends goal oriented? |
No. |